parameter
type: Ontology
orig maintainer code: cf
orig voc version id: 88
has creator: MMI
has content creator: CF Metadata
has contributor: http://cfconventions.org/Data/cf-standard-names/docs/standard-name-contributors.html
has resource type: http://mmisw.org/ont/mmi/resourcetype/parameter
description: Ontology representation of the Climate and Forecast (CF) standard names parameter vocabulary, which is intended for use with climate and forecast data in the atmosphere, surface and ocean domains. Every CF parameter is captured as a SKOS concept.
orig voc last modified: 2024-12-17T16:31:13Z
orig voc uri: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cf-convention/cf-convention.github.io/master/Data/cf-standard-names/current/src/cf-standard-name-table.xml
reference: http://marinemetadata.org/orrcf
name: Climate and Forecast (CF) Standard Names (v.88)
acronym: CF-standard-name
keywords: NetCDF, CF, Climate and Forecast, self-describing, standard names, Canonical Units
documentation: http://cfconventions.org/standard-names.html
creation date: 2024-12-17T16:31:13Z

Standard Name
type: Class
subclass of: Concept

radioactivity concentration of 147Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "147Sm" is the isotope "samarium-147" with a half-life of 3.91e+13 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

high type cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. High type clouds are: Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus. X_type_cloud_area_fraction is generally determined on the basis of cloud type, though Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models often calculate them based on the vertical location of the cloud. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 72Zn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zn" means the element "zinc" and "72Zn" is the isotope "zinc-72" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from vegetation in fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The quantity with standard name surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_fires is the sum of the quantities with standard names surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_vegetation_in_fires and surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_litter_in_fires.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 99mTc
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 2.51e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 218At
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "At" means the element "astatine" and "218At" is the isotope "astatine-218" with a half-life of 2.31e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

product of eastward sea water velocity and salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_s…
canonical units: m s-1

sea floor depth below geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 118In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "118In" is the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 5.77e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of dibromochloromethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for dibromochloromethane is CHBr2Cl. The IUPAC name is dibromochloromethane.
canonical units: mol mol-1

tendency of air temperature due to stratiform cloud and precipitation and boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm). It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

surface radioactivity content of 85Kr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85Kr" is the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 3.95e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

permafrost active layer thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name permafrost_active_layer_thickness is the thickness of the layer of the ground that is subject to annual thawing and freezing in areas underlain by permafrost. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more years.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of butane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of peroxyacetyl nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: 1

surface diffuse downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

number concentration of biological taxon pollen grains in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Pollen grain" refers to the male gametophyte of seed plants (either angiosperms or gymnosperms). The number concentration of pollen grains refers to the number of individual pollen grains per unit volume. "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_identifier to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: m-3

sound pressure level in water
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound pressure is the difference from the local ambient pressure caused by a sound wave at a particular location and time. Sound pressure level in water is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound pressure of 1e-6 Pa. Lp = 20 log10(p/p0) where Lp is the sound pressure level, p is the rms sound pressure and p0 is the reference sound pressure.
canonical units: dB

nfdrs burning index
type: Standard Name
definition: The Burning Index (BI) is a numeric value closely related to the flame length in feet multiplied by 10, which is related to the contribution of fire behaviour to the effort of containing a fire. The BI is a function of fire spread and fire intensity and is derived from a combination of Spread and Energy Release Components. The Spread Component is a rating of the forward rate of spread of a head fire and wind is a key input. The scale is open ended which allows the range of numbers to adequately define fire problems, even in time of low to moderate fire danger. Computed BI values represent the near upper limit to be expected on the rating area. In other words, if a fire occurs in the worst fuel, weather and topography conditions of the rating area, these numbers indicate its expected fire line intensities and flame length. It is an index in the US National Fire Danger Rating System. The US National Fire Danger Rating System comprises several numeric indexes that rate the potential over a large area for wildland fires to ignite, spread, and require action to suppress or manage. It was designed for use in the continental United States, and all its components are relative, not absolute.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

surface geostrophic eastward sea water velocity assuming mean sea level for geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean.) In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of hypochlorous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea water y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.
canonical units: m s-1

mole concentration of carbon tetrachloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

barotropic northward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).
canonical units: m s-1

upward water vapor flux in air due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of potential energy content of ocean layer due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of wind speed due to gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.
canonical units: m s-2

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by nanophytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: Vertically integrated primary (organic carbon) production by the nanophytoplankton component alone. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of nox expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 119mSn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "119mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-119" with a half-life of 2.45e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downwelling spherical irradiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

sea water ph natural analogue reported on total scale
type: Standard Name
definition: sea_water_pH_reported_on_total_scale is the measure of acidity of sea water, defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions plus bisulfate ions in a sea water medium; it can be measured or calculated; when measured the scale is defined according to a series of buffers prepared in artificial seawater containing bisulfate. The quantity may be written as pH(total) = -log([H+](free) + [HSO4-]). In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings.
canonical units: 1

sea surface wave maximum steepness
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave steepness is defined as the ratio of the wave height divided by the wavelength. Maximum wave steepness is the maximum value measured during the observation period. Wave height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. The wavelength is the horizontal distance between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 241Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "241Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-241" with a half-life of 4.83e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

downward eastward momentum flux in air due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: Pa

histogram of backscattering ratio in air over height above reference ellipsoid
type: Standard Name
definition: Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeding pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. "Backscattering ratio" is the ratio of the quantity with standard name volume_attenuated_backwards_scattering_function_in_air to the quantity with standard name volume_attenuated_backwards_scattering_function_in_air_assuming_no_aerosol_or_cloud. "histogram_of_X[_over_Z]" means histogram (i.e. number of counts for each range of X) of variations (over Z) of X. The data variable should have an axis for X. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: 1

sea water pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present. For sea water pressure excluding the pressure due to overlying media other than sea water, the standard name sea_water_pressure_due_to_sea_water should be used.
canonical units: dbar

sea water alkalinity natural analogue expressed as mole equivalent
type: Standard Name
definition: sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components). In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 247Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "247Cm" is the isotope "curium-247" with a half-life of 5.86e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 210Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "210Po" is the isotope "polonium-210" with a half-life of 1.38e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of zinc in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Zinc means zinc in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total zinc". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

equilibrium line altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. The equilibrium line is the locus of points on a land ice surface at which ice accumulation balances ice ablation over the year.
canonical units: m

convective precipitation rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Precipitation rate" means the depth or thickness of the layer formed by precipitation per unit time. Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 113mCd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 5.31e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: This ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol/mol

volume beam attenuation coefficient of radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". Beam attenuation refers to the decrease of radiative flux along the direction of the incident path. It is distinguished from attenuation of the downwelling component of radiative flux from any incident direction, also called "diffuse" attenuation.
canonical units: m-1

upward x stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Upward x" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward x stress is an upward flux of x-ward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium in the positive x direction and the lower medium in the negative x direction.
canonical units: Pa

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as sodium in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

moles of particulate organic matter expressed as phosphorus per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/OPHSVLPT/6/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

downwelling shortwave radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

radioactivity concentration of 81mSe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "81mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 3.97e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

magnitude of derivative of position wrt model level number
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name magnitude_of_derivative_of_position_wrt_model_level_number (known in differential geometry as a "scale factor") is | (dr/dk)ij|, where r(i,j,k) is the vector 3D position of the point with coordinate indices (i,j,k). It is a measure of the gridblock spacing in the z-direction.
canonical units: m

number concentration of coarse mode ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. Coarse mode aerosol particles have a diameter of more than 1 micrometer.
canonical units: m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

northward air velocity relative to sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The northward motion of air, relative to near-surface northward current; calculated as northward_wind minus northward_sea_water_velocity. A vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "depth" should be used to indicate the depth of sea water velocity used in the calculation. Similarly, a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "height" should be used to indicate the height of the the wind component. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of divinyl chlorophyll a in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of prasinoxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of prasinoxanthin is C40H56O4. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PXAPXXXX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 3H in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "H" means the element "hydrogen" and "3H" is the isotope "hydrogen-3" with a half-life of 4.51e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

number of observations
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of number_of_observations contains the number of discrete observations or measurements from which the values of another data variable have been derived. The linkage between the data variable and the variable with a standard_name of number_of_observations is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute.
canonical units: 1

water flux out of sea ice and sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. The water_flux_out_of_sea_ice_and_sea_water is the freshwater leaving the ocean as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river outflow and any water flux relaxation(s) and correction(s) that may have been applied. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean y overturning mass streamfunction due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

sea ice mass content of salt
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice.
canonical units: kg m-2

depth
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 230U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "230U" is the isotope "uranium-230" with a half-life of 2.08e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean vertical tracer diffusivity due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical tracer diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of tracers, i.e. heat and salinity, due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. Convective mixing in the ocean is sometimes modelled as an enhanced diffusivity.
canonical units: m2 s-1

mole fraction of radon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: 1

thickness of stratiform rainfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]rainfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of rainfall i.e. the thickness of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area as the rainfall amount. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 235U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "235U" is the isotope "uranium-235" with a half-life of 2.60e+11 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of monoterpenes due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Terpenes are hydrocarbons. The term "monoterpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of halon2402
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 243Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "243Am" is the isotope "americium-243" with a half-life of 2.91e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass per unit area due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

freezing temperature of sea water
type: Standard Name
canonical units: K

atmosphere mass content of liquid precipitation
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Liquid_precipitation" includes both "rain" and "drizzle". "Rain" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm. "Drizzle" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter typically in the range 0.2-0.5 mm.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of diadinoxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of diadinoxanthin is C40H54O3. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/DIADXXXX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole fraction of hfc134a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc134a is CF3CFH2. The IUPAC name for hfc134a is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

minimum mass ratio of water to dry soil for soil viscous flow
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. It is the lower limit of the water content at which a soil sample will flow in a viscous manner. Known as the liquid limit.
canonical units: 1

ocean rigid lid pressure expressed as sea surface height above geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Ocean rigid lid pressure" means the pressure at the surface of an ocean model assuming that it is bounded above by a rigid lid. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

atmosphere mass content of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hcfc141b due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sinking mole flux of particulate organic matter expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

time sample difference due to collocation
type: Standard Name
definition: time_sample_difference_due_to_collocation is the difference in time between two events that are collocated. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria.
canonical units: s

surface downwelling photosynthetic radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

toa net upward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 78As in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "As" means the element "arsenic" and "78As" is the isotope "arsenic-78" with a half-life of 6.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sinking mole flux of calcite expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

turbulent mixing length of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Turbulent mixing length" is used in models to describe the average distance over which a fluid parcel can travel while retaining properties that allow the parcel to be distinguished from its immediate environment. "Turbulent mixing" means chaotic fluctuations of the fluid flow.
canonical units: m

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from natural fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Natural fires" means burning of biomass, whether living or dead, excluding fires ignited by humans, e.g. for agricultural purposes.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 133mTe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 3.84e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water velocity to direction due to ekman drift
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Ekman drift" is the movement of a layer of water (the Ekman layer) due to the combination of wind stress at the sea surface and the Coriolis effect. Ekman drift is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/the-oceans/content-section-4.3.
canonical units: degree

radioactivity concentration of 112Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "112Ag" is the isotope "silver-112" with a half-life of 1.30e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea ice volume
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_volume" means the volume occupied by X within the grid cell. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m3

atmosphere mass of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg

geoid height above reference ellipsoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 130Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130Sb" is the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of hydrogen bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to particulate organic matter ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 242Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "242Cm" is the isotope "curium-242" with a half-life of 1.63e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

dynamic tropopause potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The dynamical tropopause used in interpreting the dynamics of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. There are various definitions of dynamical tropopause in the scientific literature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of atmosphere mass content of cfc114 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

modis liquid topped cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: Liquid means liquid-topped clouds, as seen by the MODIS simulator. To distinguish that these are cloud area fractions as seen by a specific satellite instrument simulator, not the same as cloud area fractions diagnosed by the native model, the prefix format of satellite name_ is employed. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion.
canonical units: 1

platform yaw fore port
type: Standard Name
definition: Yaw is a rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. "Fore port" indicates that positive values of yaw represent the front of the platform moving to the left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_fore_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 229Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "229Ac" is the isotope "actinium-229" with a half-life of 4.58e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 206Hg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Hg" means the element "mercury" and "206Hg" is the isotope "mercury-206" with a half-life of 5.57e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of hydrogen chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: kg m-2

biomass burning carbon flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Biomass burning carbon" refers to the rate at which biomass is burned by forest fires etc., expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 209Pb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "209Pb" is the isotope "lead-209" with a half-life of 1.38e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

product of northward wind and upward air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.
canonical units: m2 s-2

effective radius of cloud liquid water particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m

ocean vertical tracer diffusivity due to background
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The construction "vertical_X_diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to background" means caused by a time invariant imposed field which may be either constant over the globe or spatially varying, depending on the ocean model used.
canonical units: m2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except black carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 137mBa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "137mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-137" with a half-life of 1.77e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface buoyancy flux into sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable quantifying net density gains or losses in water parcel buoyancy based on thermal (net surface heat flux) and haline (precipitation minus evaporation) forcings at the air-sea interface. A positive value indicates a buoyancy flux into the ocean that will stabilize (i.e., stratify) the surface ocean layer.
canonical units: m2 s-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 82mBr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "82mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 4.24e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

remote sensing averaging kernel of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Averaging kernels of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000).
canonical units: 1

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavelength due to solar induced fluorescence
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Some of the solar energy absorbed by pigment systems of plant leaves during photosynthesis is re-emitted as fluorescence. This is called solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). It is a radiance that can be measured on a global scale at various wavelengths and by multiple space borne instruments. SIF is considered a measurement of the photosynthetic machinery in plants and can provide a direct approach for the diagnosis of the actual functional status of vegetation. It is therefore considered a functional proxy of terrestrial gross primary productivity which has the standard name gross_primary_productivity_of_biomass_expressed_as_carbon. SIF spans the wavelength range 600 - 800 nm.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 m-1

surface radioactivity content of 124Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124Sb" is the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface upward mole flux of dimethyl sulfide
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

mole fraction of nitrous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: 1

heat flux into sea water due to newtonian relaxation
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The heat_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_newtonian_relaxation is the heat flux resulting from the Newtonian relaxation of the sea surface temperature. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of clox expressed as chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 141Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "141Ce" is the isotope "cerium-141" with a half-life of 3.30e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

virtual salt flux into sea water due to evaporation
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of toluene
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface downward mass flux of ammonia
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of methanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of cfc113
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)) are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

fire radiative power
type: Standard Name
definition: The product of the irradiance (the power per unit area) of a biomass fire and the corresponding fire area. A data variable containing the area affected by fire should be given the standard name fire_area.
canonical units: W

tendency of atmosphere moles of water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe.
canonical units: mol s-1

product of northward sea water velocity and temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m s-1

sea surface wave significant period
type: Standard Name
definition: Significant wave period is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the mean wave period of the highest one third of the waves. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level.
canonical units: s

ocean momentum xy biharmonic diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "xy diffusivity" means the lateral along_coordinate component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. xy diffusivities are used in some ocean models to counteract the numerical instabilities inherent in certain implementations of rotated neutral diffusion. "biharmonic diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a biharmonic diffusion operator.
canonical units: m4 s-1

enthalpy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: J m-2

lwe thickness of surface snow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: m

surface downwelling photosynthetic photon flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea floor depth below geopotential datum
type: Standard Name
definition: "Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X. The "geopotential datum" is any estimated surface of constant geopotential used as a datum i.e. a reference level; for the geoid as a datum, specific standard names are available. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with "specific_" instead of "volume_". A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface longwave emissivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of phosphorus due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mass concentration of noy expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere stability k index
type: Standard Name
definition: The atmosphere_stability_k_index is an index that indicates the potential of severe convection and is often referred to as simply the k index. The index is calculated as A + B - C, where A is the difference in air temperature between 850 and 500 hPa, B is the dew point temperature at 850 hPa, and C is the dew point depression (i.e. the amount by which the air temperature exceeds its dew point temperature) at 700 hPa. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 97Zr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "97Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-97" with a half-life of 6.98e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of sea water salinity due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Sali…
canonical units: 1e-3 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

reference pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: A constant pressure value, typically representative of mean sea level pressure, which can be used in defining coordinates or functions of state.
canonical units: Pa

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 113mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "113mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-113" with a half-life of 6.92e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of hcfc142b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)) are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

depth at shallowest isotherm defined by soil temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. A soil temperature profile may go through one or more local minima or maxima. The "depth at shallowest isotherm" is the depth of the occurrence closest to the soil surface of an isotherm of the temperature specified by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name soil_temperature.
canonical units: m

surface snow and ice melt heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The snow and ice melt heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is melting snow and ice at freezing point. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of preformed dissolved molecular oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means the number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The subduction and subsequent transport of surface water carry into the interior ocean considerable quantities of dissolved oxygen, which are entirely independent of biological activity (such as organic decomposition and oxidation) after the water leaves the sea surface. Such dissolved oxygen is termed “preformed” dissolved oxygen (Redfield,1942).
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere mass content of chlorine dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of eastward wind due to advection by upward transformed eulerian mean air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press.
canonical units: m s-2

mole concentration of microzooplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where Xis a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Microzooplankton are zooplankton of less than 20 micrometers in size.
canonical units: mol m-3

stem mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The stem of a plant is the axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots. Its function is to carry water and nutrients. Examples include the stalk of a plant or the main trunk of a tree.
canonical units: kg m-2

magnitude of air velocity relative to sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name magnitude_of_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water is the speed of the motion of the air relative to the near-surface current, usually derived from vectors. The components of the relative velocity vector have standard names eastward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water and northward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water. A vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name "depth" should be used to indicate the depth of sea water velocity used in the calculation. Similarly, a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "height" should be used to indicate the height of the the wind component.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-3

platform sway starboard
type: Standard Name
definition: Sway is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. "Starboard" indicates that positive values of sway represent the platform moving right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of halon1211 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of phytoplankton expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

sea surface downward northward stress due to dissipation of sea surface waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "sea surface" means the upper boundary of the ocean. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, surface stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "dissipation_of_sea_surface_waves" means the stress associated with sea surface waves dissipation processes such as whitecapping.
canonical units: Pa

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 104Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "104Tc" is the isotope "technetium-104" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

angle of emergence
type: Standard Name
definition: The angle of emergence is that between the direction of a beam of radiation emerging from the surface of a medium and the normal to that surface.
canonical units: degree

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to convective detrainment
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane due to re emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Re-emission" refers to emission that is not from a primary source; it refers to emission of a species that has previously been deposited and accumulated in soils or water. "Re-emission" is a process entirely distinct from "emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 115Ag
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "115Ag" is the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.46e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 106Ru in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "106Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-106" with a half-life of 3.66e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-3

land ice surface x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 106mRh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 9.09e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic silicon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic silicon" means the sum of all inorganic silicon in solution (including silicic acid and its first dissociated anion SiO(OH)3-).
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 234U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "234U" is the isotope "uranium-234" with a half-life of 9.02e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 111mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "111mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 8.56e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water transport across line
type: Standard Name
definition: Transport across_line means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport.
canonical units: kg s-1

effective radius of cloud liquid water particles at liquid water cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The phrase "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud.
canonical units: m

surface downward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 243Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "243Am" is the isotope "americium-243" with a half-life of 2.91e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere optical thickness due to stratiform cloud
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

altimeter range
type: Standard Name
definition: An altimeter operates by sending out a short pulse of radiation and measuring the time required for the pulse to return from the sea surface; this measurement is used to calculate the distance between the instrument and the sea surface. That measurement is called the "altimeter range" and does not include any range corrections.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dimethyl sulfide due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform heave rate down
type: Standard Name
definition: "Heave rate" is the rate of displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. "Down" indicates that positive values of heave rate represent the platform moving down as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_rate_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 210Pb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "210Pb" is the isotope "lead-210" with a half-life of 7.64e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 98Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "98Nb" is the isotope "niobium-98" with a half-life of 3.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

northward sea water velocity due to ekman drift
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 230Pa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "230Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-230" with a half-life of 1.77e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt depth of product of salinity and sea water density
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea…
canonical units: 1e-3 kg m-2

wind gust from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed time series of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of "maximum" for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity".) In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing ("wind_from_direction") (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing ("wind_to_direction") (eastward, southward, etc.).
canonical units: degree

volume mixing ratio of oxygen at stp in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 123mSn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "123mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 2.78e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of benzene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere number content of aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: m-2 s-1

height above reference ellipsoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. A reference ellipsoid is a mathematical figure that approximates the geoid. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. The ellipsoid is an approximation because the geoid is an irregular shape. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 134Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "134Te" is the isotope "tellurium-134" with a half-life of 2.92e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of aromatic compounds due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Aromatic compounds in organic chemistry are compounds that contain at least one benzene ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double covalent bonds. The simplest aromatic compound is benzene itself. In standard names "aromatic_compounds" is the term used to describe the group of aromatic chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aromatic species, e.g. benzene and xylene.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface geostrophic sea water x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.
canonical units: m s-1

flat line test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Flat Line test, which checks for consecutively repeated values within a tolerance. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

solar irradiance
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name solar_irradiance, often called Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), is the radiation from the sun integrated over the whole electromagnetic spectrum and over the entire solar disk. The quantity applies outside the atmosphere, by default at a distance of one astronomical unit from the sun, but a coordinate or scalar coordinate variable of distance_from_sun can be used to specify a value other than the default. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 134I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "134I" is the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 3.61e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere downdraft convective mass flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. "Downdraft" means that the flux is positive in the downward direction (negative upward).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of carotene in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Carotene" refers to the sum of all forms of the carotenoid pigment carotene. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CAROXXXX/1/.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea ice floe diameter
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. An ice floe is a flat expanse of sea ice, generally taken to be less than 10 km across. ice_floe_diameter corresponds to the diameter of a circle with the same area as the ice floe.
canonical units: m

downwelling photosynthetic spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".
canonical units: W m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 130mSb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 4.58e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 133mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 2.26e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radius of tropical cyclone central dense overcast region
type: Standard Name
definition: The average radius of a central region of clouds in tropical cyclones lacking well-defined eye features, which is computed by averaging the great circle distance in four cardinal directions. The radius in each direction is measured from the estimated storm center position to a warm point that exceeds a threshold brightness temperature at top of atmosphere limit. The threshold applied should be recorded in a coordinate variable having the standard_name of toa_brightness_temperature. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength, sensor_band_central_radiation_wavelength, or radiation_frequency may be specified to indicate that the brightness temperature applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 112Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "112Pd" is the isotope "palladium-112" with a half-life of 8.37e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 221Fr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "221Fr" is the isotope "francium-221" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of alpha pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 219Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "219Rn" is the isotope "radon-219" with a half-life of 4.64e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

number concentration of pm10 aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of, respectively, "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: m-3

mole fraction of methane in dry air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "in_dry_air" means that the quantity is calculated as the number of particles of X divided by the number of dry air particles, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceeding…
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dimethyl sulfide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of cfc11
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 252Cf
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "252Cf" is the isotope "californium-252" with a half-life of 9.68e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water redistributed conservative temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_water_redistributed_conservative_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model which is subject to an externally imposed perturbative surface heat flux. The passive tracer is initialised to the conservative temperature in the control climate before the perturbation is imposed. Its surface flux is the heat flux from the atmosphere, not including the imposed perturbation, and is converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were being added to conservative temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were conservative temperature. The passive tracer records redistributed heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (…
canonical units: degree_C

angstrom exponent of volume backwards scattering in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The Angstrom exponent of volume backwards scattering is the Angstrom exponent related only to the aerosol backwards scattering component. It is alpha in the following equation relating volume backwards scattering (back) at the wavelength lambda to volume backwards scattering at a different wavelength lambda0: back(lambda) = back(lambda0) * [lambda/lambda0] ** (-1 * alpha). "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of hydroxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived,species.
canonical units: 1

acoustic equivalent area in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic equivalent area is the squared area backscattering coefficient divided by the depth integral of squared volume backscattering coefficient. Area backscattering coefficient is the integral of the volume backscattering coefficient over a defined distance. Volume backscattering coefficient is the linear form of acoustic_volume_backscattering_strength_in_sea_water. The parameter is computed to provide a value that represents the area that would be occupied if all data cells contained the mean density and is the reciprocal of acoustic_index_of_aggregation_in_sea_water. For further details see Urmy et. al (2012) doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr205 and Woillez et. al (2007) doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm025.
canonical units: m

upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

number of days with wind speed above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum".
canonical units: 1

tendency of soil mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to fertilization
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Fertilization" means the addition of artificial fertilizers and animal manure to soil for the purpose of increasing plant nutrient concentrations.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of radon
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: mol s-1

radioactivity concentration of 86mRb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86mRb" is the metastable state of the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 7.04e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

specific turbulent kinetic energy of air
type: Standard Name
definition: Specific means per unit mass. "Turbulent kinetic energy" is the kinetic energy of all eddy-induced motion that is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-2

number of days with air temperature above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum".
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 106Rh
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 3.46e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 117mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.42e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of sand in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y'', where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the mass of X divided by the mass of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Grain-size class distribution is based on the Udden-Wentworth scale.
canonical units: 1

apparent oxygen utilization
type: Standard Name
definition: Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) is the difference between measured dissolved oxygen concentration in water, and the equilibrium saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in water with the same physical and chemical properties. Reference: Broecker, W. S. and T. H. Peng (1982), Tracers in the Sea, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, N. Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved iron in sea water due to grazing of phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Grazing of phytoplankton" means the grazing of phytoplankton by zooplankton.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

sea surface swell wave mean period from variance spectral density inverse frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The swell wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta). Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The inverse wave period, T(m-1), is calculated as the ratio M(-1)/M(0).
canonical units: s

atmosphere moles of peroxynitric acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: mol

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

sea ice x internal stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Internal ice stress is a measure of the compactness, or strength, of the ice. Internal ice stress usually acts as a resistance to the motion caused by the wind force. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: N m-2

surface upward northward stress due to sea surface waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted at the surface. An upward stress is an upward flux of momentum into the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. An upward northward stress is an upward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium northward and the lower medium southward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea surface waves" means the stress associated with oscillatory motions of a wavy sea surface.
canonical units: Pa

northward ocean heat transport due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Northward transport by diffusion means the part due to horizontal or isopyncal diffusion schemes in an ocean model, but not including the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W

surface net upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from anthropogenic land use change
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. The quantity with standard name surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes is equal to the difference between the quantities with standard names surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change and surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

northward ocean freshwater transport due to overturning
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Northward transport by (meridional) overturning is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of zonal means of velocity and tracer. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

leaf mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

ratio of sea water practical salinity anomaly to relaxation timescale
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name ratio_of_sea_water_practical_salinity_anomaly_to_relaxation_timescale is a correction term applied to modelled sea water practical salinity. The term is estimated as the deviation of model local sea water practical salinity from an observation-based climatology (e.g. World Ocean Database) weighted by a user-specified relaxation coefficient in s-1 (1/(relaxation timescale)). The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere convective available potential energy
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective(ly) available potential energy (often abbreviated CAPE) is a stability measure calculated by integrating the positive temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from a given starting height to its equilibrium level. A coordinate variable of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the starting height of the lifted parcel. CAPE exists under conditions of potential instability, and measures the potential energy per unit mass that would be released by the unstable parcel if it were able to convect upwards to equilibrium.
canonical units: J kg-1

sinking mole flux of aragonite expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

singular value of remote sensing averaging kernel of logarithm of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Singular values of the matrix representing the remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000).
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of diazotrophic phytoplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: mol m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavenumber mean within collocation scene
type: Standard Name
definition: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_mean_within_collocation_scene is an average of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation scene. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The "collocation scene" is a grouping of a sensor's adjacent field-of-views centered on a collocation target. The size of the collocation scene is typically about twice that of the collocation target. The "collocation target" is an area on the Earth's surface at which observations from at least two sensors are collected. Its size is defined by the sensor with the largest field-of-view footprint. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 (m-1)-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of chlorinated hydrocarbons due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides and chlorinated synthetics. In standard names "chlorinated_hydrocarbons" is the term used to describe the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Pan…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 115Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 2.23e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 227Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "227Ac" is the isotope "actinium-227" with a half-life of 7.87e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

heat index of air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The quantity with standard name heat_index_of_air_temperature is the perceived air temperature when relative humidity is taken into consideration (which makes it feel hotter than the actual air temperature). Heat index is only defined when the ambient air temperature is at or above 299.817 K. References: https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-index; WMO codes registry entry http://codes.wmo.int/grib2/codeflag/4.2/_0-0-12. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 118Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "118Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-118" with a half-life of 3.49e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of surface snow amount due to conversion of snow to sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Conversion of snow to sea ice" occurs when the mass of snow accumulated on an area of sea ice is sufficient to cause the ice to become mostly submerged. Waves can then wash over the ice and snow surface and freeze into a layer that becomes "snow ice". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of brox expressed as bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of ammonia in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 211Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "211Pb" is the isotope "lead-211" with a half-life of 2.51e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

area type
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard_name of area_type contains either strings which indicate the nature of the surface e.g. land, sea, sea_ice, or flags which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. These strings are standardised. Values must be taken from the area_type table.

mole concentration of dissolved iron in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 116In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "116In" is the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 1.64e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 147Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "147Sm" is the isotope "samarium-147" with a half-life of 3.91e+13 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

rate of change test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Rate of Change test, which checks that the first order difference of a series of values is within reasonable bounds. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

ocean momentum xy laplacian diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "xy diffusivity" means the lateral along_coordinate component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. xy diffusivities are used in some ocean models to counteract the numerical instabilities inherent in certain implementations of rotated neutral diffusion. "laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator.
canonical units: m2 s-1

tendency of troposphere moles of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of middle atmosphere moles of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methane is CH4.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 148Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "148Sm" is the isotope "samarium-148" with a half-life of 2.92e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 223Rn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "223Rn" is the isotope "radon-223" with a half-life of 2.98e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 119In
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "119In" is the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.74e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

toa adjusted longwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas in…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of cfc113a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

sea surface secondary swell wave energy at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the secondary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave energy, describes the maximum value of the wave_variance_spectral_density within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: m2 s

platform sway port
type: Standard Name
definition: Sway is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. "Port" indicates that positive values of sway represent the platform moving left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

platform id
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of platform_id contains strings which help to identify the platform from which an observation was made. For example, this may be a WMO station identification number. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.

surface radioactivity content of 227Ac
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "227Ac" is the isotope "actinium-227" with a half-life of 7.87e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 111Ag
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "111Ag" is the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 7.50e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface wave mean period of highest tenth
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration. The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wave_mean_period_of_highest_tenth is the mean period of the highest one-tenth of waves during the observation duration. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level.
canonical units: s

tendency of sea water conservative temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusive processes include diffusion along neutral directions in the interior of the ocean and horizontal diffusion in the surface boundary layer. The processes occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific h…
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved iron in sea water due to scavenging by inorganic particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 250Bk
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "250Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-250" with a half-life of 1.34e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere mass content of cfc114
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

land ice mass
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions.
canonical units: kg

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration for biomass maintenance
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of halon2402 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of mesozooplankton expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated in terms of B alone, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

sea water velocity from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

surface radioactivity content of 159Eu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "159Eu" is the isotope "europium-159" with a half-life of 1.26e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of benzene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere mass content of chlorine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of inorganic chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

sea surface wave xy radiation stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface wave radiation stress" describes the excess momentum flux caused by sea surface waves. Radiation stresses behave as a second-order tensor. "xy" indicates the lateral contributions to x_ and y_ components of the tensor.
canonical units: Pa

moles of dissolved organic carbon per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CORGZZKG/1/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

brightness temperature at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. brightness_temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength, sensor_band_central_radiation_wavelength, or radiation_frequency may be specified to indicate that the brightness temperature applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 85mKr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 1.83e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 226Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "226Ac" is the isotope "actinium-226" with a half-life of 1.21e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrous acid due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methanesulfonic acid dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of butane
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Atmosphere energy content" has not yet been precisely defined! Please express your views on this quantity on the CF email list.
canonical units: J m-2

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-). The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of convective cloud ice in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 209Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "209Tl" is the isotope "thallium-209" with a half-life of 1.53e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

troposphere mole content of bromine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for bromine_monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: mol m-2

sensor band central radiation wavelength
type: Standard Name
definition: sensor_band_central_radiation_wavelength is the central wavelength of a sensor's band, calculated as the first moment of the band's normalized spectral response function.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 229Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "229Th" is the isotope "thorium-229" with a half-life of 2.68e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

reference epoch
type: Standard Name
definition: The period of time over which a parameter has been summarised (usually by averaging) in order to provide a reference (baseline) against which data has been compared. When a coordinate, scalar coordinate, or auxiliary coordinate variable with this standard name has bounds, then the bounds specify the beginning and end of the time period over which the reference was determined. If the reference represents an instant in time, rather than a period, then bounds may be omitted. It is not the time for which the actual measurements are valid; the standard name of time should be used for that.
canonical units: s

atmosphere optical thickness due to water in ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "atmosphere_optical_thickness_due_to_water_in_ambient_aerosol" refers to the optical thickness due to the water that is associated with aerosol particles due to hygroscopic growth in ambient air, affecting the radius and refractive index of the particle. It corresponds to the difference between the total dry aerosol optical thickness and the total ambient aerosol optical thickness. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

surface upwelling longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of pm10 nitrate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of alpha pinene
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 211Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "211Po" is the isotope "polonium-211" with a half-life of 6.03e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ocean mass y transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.
canonical units: kg s-1

mole concentration of dimethyl sulfide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: mol m-3

change over time in sea water potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface roughness length for heat in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The height above the surface where the mean value of heat assumes its surface value when extrapolated along a logarithmic profile downward towards the surface. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m

aerodynamic particle diameter
type: Standard Name
definition: The diameter of a spherical particle with density 1000 kg m-3 having the same aerodynamic properties as the particles in question.
canonical units: m

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of ozone due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

thickness of rainfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]rainfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of rainfall i.e. the thickness of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area as the rainfall amount.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 111mPd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 2.29e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface net downward longwave dust ambient aerosol particles direct radiative effect
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. "X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content due to residual mean advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "residual_mean_advection" refers to the sum of the model's resolved advective transport plus any parameterized advective transport. Parameterized advective transport includes processes such as parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale transport, as well as any other advectively parameterized transport. When the parameterized advective transport is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic, since the convergence of skew-fluxes are identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of advective fluxes.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 233Pa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "233Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-233" with a half-life of 2.70e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

moles of nitrous oxide per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/DN2OZZ01/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

silicate mass transport in river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: The amount of silicate mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. This quantity can be provided at a certain location within the river network and floodplain (over land) or at the river mouth (over ocean) where the river enters the ocean. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 232Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "232Th" is the isotope "thorium-232" with a half-life of 5.14e+12 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of chlorine nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of mass concentration of nitrogen monoxide in air due to emission from aviation
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved inorganic silicon in sea water due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dissolved inorganic silicon" means the sum of all inorganic silicon in solution (including silicic acid and its first dissociated anion SiO(OH)3-).
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

snowfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

angle of rotation from solar azimuth to platform azimuth
type: Standard Name
definition: An angle of rotation is reckoned positive in the anticlockwise direction. The "angle_of_rotation_from_solar_azimuth_to_platform_azimuth" is the angle of rotation between the solar azimuth angle and the platform azimuth angle. Solar azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the sun and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise, starting from the reference direction. Platform azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the platform and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise, starting from the reference direction. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

radioactivity concentration of 158Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "158Eu" is the isotope "europium-158" with a half-life of 3.18e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere net rate of absorption of longwave energy
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 209Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "209Tl" is the isotope "thallium-209" with a half-life of 1.53e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

phase of global average sea level change
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. Phase is the initial angle of a wave modelled by a sinusoidal function. A coordinate variable of harmonic_period should be used to specify the period of the sinusoidal wave. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level.
canonical units: degree

ocean mass y transport due to advection and parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

age of surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Age of surface snow" means the length of time elapsed since the snow accumulated on the earth's surface. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: day

mass fraction of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 95Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "95Y" is the isotope "yttrium-95" with a half-life of 7.29e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of eastward wind due to orographic gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The total tendency of the eastward wind due to gravity waves has the standard name tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The tendency of eastward wind due to nonorographic gravity waves has the standard name tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag.
canonical units: m s-2

lwe thickness of water evaporation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".)
canonical units: m

atmosphere mass content of halon1202
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2

ocean heat x transport due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W

platform sway rate port
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sway rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. "Port" indicates that positive values of sway rate represent the platform moving left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_rate_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 238Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "238Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-238" with a half-life of 3.15e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of nitrous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic nitrates due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Organic nitrates are nitrogen-containing compounds having the general formula RONO2, where R is an alkyl (or organic) group; "organic_nitrates" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

bedrock depth below ground level
type: Standard Name
definition: The bedrock_depth_below_ground_level is the vertical distance between the ground and the bedrock. "Bedrock" refers to the surface of the consolidated rock, beneath any unconsolidated rock, sediment, soil, water or land ice. "Ground level" means the level of the solid surface in land areas without permanent inland water, beneath any snow, ice or surface water.
canonical units: m

wet bulb temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

sea surface tertiary swell wave energy at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. The phrase "wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave energy, describes the maximum value of the wave_variance_spectral_density within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: m2 s

magnitude of derivative of position wrt y coordinate index
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name magnitude_of_derivative_of_position_wrt_y_coordinate_index (known in differential geometry as a "scale factor") is | (dr/dj)ik|, where r(i,j,k) is the vector 3D position of the point with coordinate indices (i,j,k). It is a measure of the gridblock spacing in the y-direction.
canonical units: m

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to aggregation
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Aggregation is the clumping together of frozen cloud particles to produce snowflakes. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

surface diffuse downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

specific kinetic energy of air
type: Standard Name
definition: "specific" means per unit mass.
canonical units: m2 s-2

mole fraction of perchloroethene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for perchloroethene is CCl2CCl2. The IUPAC name for perchloroethene is tetrachloroethene.
canonical units: 1

soil thermal capacity
type: Standard Name
definition: Thermal capacity, or heat capacity, is the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of material by 1 K. It is a property of the material. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: J kg-1 K-1

radioactivity concentration of 77mGe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77mGe" is the metastable state of the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as 14C due to heterotrophic respiration
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on within both the soil and litter pools.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

projection x angular coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Angular projection coordinates are angular distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the angular projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping.
canonical units: radian

tendency of soil and vegetation mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to fixation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. On land, "nitrogen fixation" means the uptake of nitrogen gas directly from the atmosphere. The representation of fixed nitrogen is model dependent, with the nitrogen entering either vegetation, soil or both. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 144Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 1.20e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 72Ga in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ga" means the element "gallium" and "72Ga" is the isotope "gallium-72" with a half-life of 5.86e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 90Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "90Sr" is the isotope "strontium-90" with a half-life of 1.02e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

global average sea level change
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of terpenes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is,they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than or equal to one. The term "terpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual terpene species, e.g., isoprene and limonene.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of cfc113a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling radiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

ocean relative vorticity
type: Standard Name
definition: Relative vorticity is the upward component of the relative vorticity vector i.e. the component which arises from horizontal velocity.
canonical units: s-1

net upward longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen monoxide due to emission from soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen NO+NO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of aragonite expressed as carbon due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

atmosphere momentum diffusivity
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m2 s-1

iron growth limitation of diatoms
type: Standard Name
definition: Diatoms are phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Iron growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of iron) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on iron availability.
canonical units: 1

surface geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy.
canonical units: m2 s-2

mass concentration of molecular hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: kg m-3

acoustic centre of mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic centre of mass is the average of all sampled depths weighted by their volume backscattering coefficient. Volume backscattering coefficient is the linear form of acoustic_volume_backscattering_strength_in_sea_water. For further details see Urmy et. al (2012) doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr205.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 109mAg
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "109mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-109" with a half-life of 4.58e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of surface air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa s-1

surface radioactivity content of 78As
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "As" means the element "arsenic" and "78As" is the isotope "arsenic-78" with a half-life of 6.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of sulfur dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 223Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "223Ra" is the isotope "radium-223" with a half-life of 1.14e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

relative sensor azimuth angle
type: Standard Name
definition: relative_sensor_azimuth_angle is the difference between the viewing geometries from two different sensors over the same observation target. It is the difference between the values of two quantities with standard name sensor_azimuth_angle. There is no standardized sign convention for relative_sensor_azimuth_angle. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for relative_platform_azimuth_angle, where "platform" refers to the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship, or satellite. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle.
canonical units: degree

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere optical thickness due to sulfate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 240Np
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240Np" is the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 4.38e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

leaf mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of sea water temperature due to vertical mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical mixing" means any vertical transport other than by advection and parameterized eddy advection, represented by a combination of vertical diffusion, turbulent mixing and convection in ocean models. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelev…
canonical units: K s-1

tendency of air temperature due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

land ice calving rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The land ice calving rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area through calving into the ocean.
canonical units: m s-1

toa outgoing shortwave flux due to volcanic ambient aerosol particles assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 234U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "234U" is the isotope "uranium-234" with a half-life of 9.02e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate C…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of gaseous divalent mercury
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of formic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 242Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "242Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-242" with a half-life of 1.38e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 217Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "217Po" is the isotope "polonium-217" with a half-life of 1.16e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere moles of carbon tetrachloride
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 83mSe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "83mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 8.10e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 251Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "251Cf" is the isotope "californium-251" with a half-life of 2.92e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

transpiration amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere.
canonical units: kg m-2

soil mass content of 13C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to cloud microphysics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Cloud microphysics" is the sum of many cloud processes such as condensation, evaporation, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, deposition, sublimation, the Bergeron-Findeisen process, riming, accretion, aggregation and icefall. The precise list of processes that are included in "cloud microphysics" can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the processes included, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names also exist to describe the tendencies due to the separate processes.
canonical units: s-1

surface northward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to black carbon ambient aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets). "Ambient aerosol" is aerosol that has taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 239Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "239Np" is the isotope "neptunium-239" with a half-life of 2.35e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water temperature anomaly
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. To specify the depth at which the temperature anomaly applies, use a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 235Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "235Np" is the isotope "neptunium-235" with a half-life of 4.09e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere moles of alpha pinene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 226Ac
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "226Ac" is the isotope "actinium-226" with a half-life of 1.21e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere mole content of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The construction "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" means the vertically integrated number of moles of X above a unit area. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-2

mass content of water in soil layer defined by root depth
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The content of a soil layer is the vertical integral of the specified quantity within the layer. The quantity with standard name mass_content_of_water_in_soil_layer_defined_by_root_depth is the vertical integral between the surface and the depth to which plant roots penetrate. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name root_depth can be used to specify the extent of the layer. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: kg m-2

ocean mixed layer thickness defined by mixing scheme
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by the mixing scheme is a diagnostic of ocean models. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

secchi depth of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. A Secchi disk is a patterned disk that is used to measure water transparency, also called turbidity, in oceans and lakes. The disk is lowered into the water and the depth at which the pattern is no longer visible is the called the secchi depth. Sea water turbidity may also be measured by the quantity with standard name sea_water_turbidity.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of biological taxon expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 131mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "131mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-131" with a half-life of 1.18e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 126mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean s coordinate g2
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 235U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "235U" is the isotope "uranium-235" with a half-life of 2.60e+11 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea surface tertiary swell wave mean period
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_mean_period is the mean period of the third most energetic swell waves. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration.
canonical units: s

harmonic period
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation.
canonical units: s

platform surge
type: Standard Name
definition: Surge is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. The standard name platform_surge should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the surge is known, a standard name of platform_surge_fore or platform_surge_aft should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

acoustic proportion occupied in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic proportion occupied is occupied volume divided by the volume sampled. Occupied volume is the integral of the ratio of acoustic_volume_backscattering_strength_in_sea_water above -90 dB to the reference value, 1 m2 m-2. For further details see Urmy et. al (2012) doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr205.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to autoconversion to snow
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Autoconversion is the process of collision and coalescence which results in the formation of precipitation particles from cloud water droplets or ice crystals. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

platform course
type: Standard Name
definition: Course is the clockwise angle with respect to North of the nominal forward motion direction of the platform (not necessarily the same as the direction in which it is pointing, called "platform_orientation"). A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere moles of ethyne
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: mol

phosphorus mass transport in river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: The amount of total phosphorus mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. This quantity can be provided at a certain location within the river network and floodplain (over land) or at the river mouth (over ocean) where the river enters the ocean. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain). Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus".
canonical units: kg s-1

sea surface mean square upwave slope
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum. The phrase "upwave_slope" means that slope values are derived from vector components along (parallel to) the axis from which waves are travelling. The primary directional axis along which wave energy associated with the slope calculation is travelling has the standard name sea_surface_mean_square_upwave_slope_direction.
canonical units: 1

surface direct along beam shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". The phrase "along_beam" refers to direct radiation on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the sun. This is in contrast to standard names such as direct_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air, where the radiation falls on a horizontal plane at the earth surface. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The quantity with standard name surface_direct_along_beam_shortwave_flux_in_air is also called Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) in the solar energy industry.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

rank of remote sensing averaging kernel of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Rank the matrix representing the remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000).
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of bromine chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere mass content of halon1211
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 24Na
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Na" means the element "sodium" and "24Na" is the isotope "sodium-24" with a half-life of 6.27e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

water flux into sea water from icebergs
type: Standard Name
definition: The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). The water flux into sea water from icebergs is due to the melting of the iceberg. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole content of carbon monoxide in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. For the mole content integrated from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, standard names including "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" are used. The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol m-2

y derivative of ocean rigid lid pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "component_derivative_of_X" means the derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. y_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure means (d/dy) of the ocean surface pressure, as derived by a rigid lid approximation, keeping the other horizontal coordinate (x, presumably) constant.
canonical units: Pa m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to turbulence
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000 K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 degrees Celsius. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of elemental nitrogen due to deposition and fixation and runoff
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Deposition of nitrogen into the ocean is the sum of dry and wet deposition of nitrogen species onto the ocean surface from the atmosphere. "Nitrogen fixation" means the production of ammonia from nitrogen gas. Organisms that fix nitrogen are termed "diazotrophs". Diazotrophic phytoplankton can fix atmospheric nitrogen, thus increasing the content of nitrogen in the ocean. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration in stems
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. Plants which photosynthesise are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of the biomass which they respire from inorganic precursors using sunlight for energy. The stem of a plant is the axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots. Its function is to carry water and nutrients. Examples include the stalk of a plant or the main trunk of a tree.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of pm10 primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Primary particulate organic matter" means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere net upward convective mass flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. Net upward convective mass flux is the difference between the updraft mass flux and the downdraft mass flux. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen monoxide due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of middle atmosphere moles of carbon monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except black carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 83Br in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "83Br" is the isotope "bromine-83" with a half-life of 1.00e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of dimethyl sulfide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of ethene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes.There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 240Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "240Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-240" with a half-life of 2.40e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of methyl hydroperoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: kg m-2

lwe thickness of convective precipitation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 87Kr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "87Kr" is the isotope "krypton-87" with a half-life of 5.28e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

potential vorticity of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Atmosphere potential vorticity is the vertically averaged absolute vorticity of a layer of the atmosphere divided by the pressure difference from the bottom to the top of the layer.
canonical units: Pa-1 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 138Cs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "138Cs" is the isotope "cesium-138" with a half-life of 2.23e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

deployment latitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The latitude of deployment of a station or instrument. The term can be used whenever the deployment position of a station or instrument needs to be supplied along with other types of positions. If a data variable has only one latitude coordinate variable, the standard name of latitude should generally be preferred to deployment_latitude, because latitude is recognised by generic software. If the deployment latitude is also the nominal latitude for a discrete geometry (as in Section 9.5 of the CF convention), the deployment latitude should also, or instead, be recorded in a coordinate variable with the standard name of latitude and axis="Y". Latitude is positive northward; its units of "degree_north" (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly.
canonical units: degree_north

mass content of water in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: kg m-2

volume scattering function of radiative flux in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. The volume scattering function is the intensity (flux per unit solid angle) of scattered radiation per unit length of scattering medium, normalised by the incident radiation flux. The (range of) direction(s) of scattering can be specified by a coordinate of scattering_angle. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the scattering applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: m-1 sr-1

tendency of mass fraction of convective cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of clox expressed as chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass fraction of ethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 162Gd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "162Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-162" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of calcite expressed as carbon in sea water at saturation
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Mole concentration at saturation" means the mole concentration in a saturated solution.The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere moles of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to melting from cloud ice
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 230Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "230Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-230" with a half-life of 1.77e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of surface net downward longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). "longwave" means longwave radiation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

atmosphere net upward deep convective mass flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. Net upward convective mass flux is the difference between the updraft mass flux and the downdraft mass flux.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

moles of phosphate per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_inY is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

radioactivity concentration of 134Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134Cs" is the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 7.50e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

northward ocean salt transport due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

integral wrt depth of product of potential temperature and sea water density
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). For Boussinesq models, density is the constant Boussinesq reference density, a quantity which has the standard name reference_sea_water_density_for_boussinesq_approximation. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: kg degree_C m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon tetrachloride due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 220Rn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "220Rn" is the isotope "radon-220" with a half-life of 6.37e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to dust ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of cfc12 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

change over time in sea water potential density
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Sea water potential density is the density a parcel of sea water would have if moved adiabatically to a reference pressure, by default assumed to be sea level pressure. To specify the reference pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. For sea water potential density, if 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name "sea_water_sigma_theta" should be chosen instead.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea surface wave mean height
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. The mean wave height is the mean trough to crest distance measured during the observation period.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of sulfur dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 136Cs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "136Cs" is the isotope "cesium-136" with a half-life of 1.30e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

northward westward derivative of geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.
canonical units: s-2

atmosphere moles of hexachlorobiphenyl
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. This structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 75Ge
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "75Ge" is the isotope "germanium-75" with a half-life of 5.73e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of alkenes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain chemical double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. "Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n); "alkenes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkene species, e.g., ethene and propene.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 118mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "118mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 3.05e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of particulate organic matter expressed as phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

troposphere mole content of formaldehyde
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: mol m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 107mPd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.47e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

northward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).
canonical units: m s-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dry aerosol particles at standard temperature and pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

sea surface secondary swell wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the average height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest.
canonical units: m

mole fraction of bromine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of bromine nitrate is BrONO2.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere moles of dimethyl sulfide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: mol

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 163Tb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "163Tb" is the isotope "terbium-163" with a half-life of 1.36e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of air temperature excess
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The air temperature excess is the air temperature minus the air temperature threshold, where only positive values are included in the integral. Its integral with respect to time is often called after its units of "degree-days". The air_temperature variable, which is the data variable of the integral should have a scalar coordinate variable or a size-one coordinate variable with the standard name of air_temperature_threshold, to indicate the threshold. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s

tendency of atmosphere mass content of noy expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean salt x transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Salt transport refers to the mass of salt being transported.
canonical units: 1e-3 kg s-1

visibility in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The visibility is the distance at which something can be seen.
canonical units: m

sea surface wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the average height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 18F in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "F" means the element "fluorine" and "18F" is the isotope "fluorine-18" with a half-life of 6.98e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of ocean potential energy content due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.) "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: W m-2

ocean y overturning mass streamfunction due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 213Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "213Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-213" with a half-life of 3.26e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

moles of hydrogen peroxide per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: mol kg-1

mole fraction of hfc32 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc32 is CF2H2. The IUPAC name for hfc32 is difluoromethane.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of brox expressed as bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: 1

nitrogen growth limitation of diatoms
type: Standard Name
definition: Diatoms are phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Nitrogen growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of nitrogen) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on nitrogen availability.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass flux of carbon into soil from vegetation due to senescence
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The term "senescence" means loss of living biomass excluding plant death, e.g. leaf drop and other seasonal effects. The term refers to changes in the whole plant and is not confined only to leaf drop.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

horizontal atmosphere dry energy transport
type: Standard Name
definition: Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of methyl peroxy radical
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical"is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-2

land ice basal y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: m s-1

water flux into sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux relaxation and correction (if applied). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tropical cyclone eye brightness temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name tropical_cyclone_eye_brightness_temperature is the warmest brightness temperature value in the eye region of a tropical cyclone (0 - 24 km from the storm center) derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique, based on satellite observations. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298. The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole concentration of nitrite in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for the nitrite anion is NO2-.
canonical units: mol m-3

water evaporation amount from canopy
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier "where_type" was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass fraction of mercury dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: 1

downwelling photon spherical irradiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

mole concentration of methyl hydroperoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 141La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "141La" is the isotope "lanthanum-141" with a half-life of 1.61e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

dimensionless exner function
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "Exner function" is applied to various quantities in the literature. "Dimensionless Exner function" is the standard name of (p/p0)^(R/Cp), where p is pressure, p0 a reference pressure, R the gas constant and Cp the specific heat at constant pressure. This quantity is also the ratio of in-situ to potential temperature. Standard names for other variants can be defined on request. To specify the reference pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

number of days with surface temperature below threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface temperature is the temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the a standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum".
canonical units: 1

surface downwelling photon radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

tendency of mass content of water vapor in atmosphere layer due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface tertiary swell wave directional spread
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

tendency of mole concentration of calcite expressed as carbon in sea water due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

mole concentration of gaseous elemental mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 240Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240Np" is the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 4.38e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 240Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "240Am" is the isotope "americium-240" with a half-life of 2.12e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 89Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "89Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-89" with a half-life of 1.06e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea ice mole content of ice algae expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: Sum of ice algal carbon component content. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Sea-ice algae (or simply 'ice algae' when the context of sea ice is clear) refer to algae uniquely able to thrive within the sea-ice environment. This distinction from phytoplankton is essential, as several phytoplankton species that become trapped in sea ice eventually perish due to a lack of genetic adaptation or acclimation strategies to survive such conditions. By referring to 'sea-ice algae,' we highlight these algae's specific features and ecological significance within the sea-ice habitat.
canonical units: mol m-2

change over time in thermal energy content of ice and snow on land
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Thermal energy is the total vibrational energy, kinetic and potential, of all the molecules and atoms in a substance. The phrase "ice_and_snow_on_land" means ice in glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and shelves, river and lake ice, any other ice on a land surface, such as frozen flood water, and snow lying on such ice or on the land surface.
canonical units: J m-2

height above geopotential datum at top of atmosphere model
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. The "geopotential datum" is any estimated surface of constant geopotential used as a datum i.e. a reference level; for the geoid as a datum, specific standard names are available. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. "Top of atmosphere model" means the upper boundary of the top layer of an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 98Nb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "98Nb" is the isotope "niobium-98" with a half-life of 3.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

projection y coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Projection coordinates are distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping.
canonical units: m

moles of adenosine triphosphate per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ATPXZZDZ/2/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

mass concentration of nitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: kg m-3

toa outgoing longwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

nitrogen mass flux into soil from vegetation excluding litter
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

northward sea water velocity assuming no tide
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 117mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "117mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-117" with a half-life of 1.40e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

air pressure at cloud base
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "cloud_base" refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

mass fraction of nitrate radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface primary swell wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave. Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the average height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 249Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "249Cm" is the isotope "curium-249" with a half-life of 4.43e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of methyl bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 165Dy
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Dy" means the element "dysprosium" and "165Dy" is the isotope "dysprosium-165" with a half-life of 9.80e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

water evapotranspiration amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Evapotranspiration" means all water vapor fluxes into the atmosphere from the surface: liquid evaporation, sublimation, and transpiration. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 244Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "244Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-244" with a half-life of 2.92e+10 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 121Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "121Sn" is the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.12e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 135mCs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 3.68e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

spectral width of radio wave in air scattered by air
type: Standard Name
definition: Frequency width of the radio wave, that was transmitted by an instrument and propagates in the air where it's scattered by the air due to which its properties change, and it is received by an instrument. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities in the air). A standard name referring to frequency spectra width of the signal received at the instrument.
canonical units: Hz

eastward atmosphere water transport across unit distance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.
canonical units: kg s-1 m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of carbon dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 207mPb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "207mPb" is the metastable state of the isotope "lead-207" with a half-life of 9.26e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water potential temperature at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The potential temperature at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 85Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85Kr" is the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 3.95e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of oxidized nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "dry_deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling of the considered species onto the ocean surface from the atmosphere. "Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface downward latent heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of cfc11 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 143La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "143La" is the isotope "lanthanum-143" with a half-life of 9.72e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface wave from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

ice volume in frozen ground in excess of pore volume in unfrozen ground expressed as fraction of frozen ground volume
type: Standard Name
definition: ice_volume_in_frozen_ground_in_excess_of_pore_volume_in_unfrozen_ground_expressed_as_fraction_of_frozen_ground_volume represents the fractional amount of "excess ice" in frozen ground. Excess ice is the volume of ice in the ground which exceeds the total pore volume that the ground would have under natural unfrozen conditions. Due to the presence of ground ice, the total water content of a frozen soil may exceed that corresponding to its normally consolidated state when unfrozen. As a result, upon thawing, a soil containing excess ice will settle under its own weight until it attains its consolidated state. Reference: van Everdingen, R. O. editor 1998: Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground ice terms. International Permafrost Association.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonium dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of cloud liquid water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 159Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "159Eu" is the isotope "europium-159" with a half-life of 1.26e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of ethanol
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere mass content of bromine nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-2

spell length of days with air temperature below threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".
canonical units: day

time of maximum flood depth
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name time_of_maximum_flood_depth is the time elapsed between the breaking of a levee (origin of flood water simulation) and the instant when the flood depth reaches its maximum during the simulation for a given point in space. Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: s

specific gravitational potential energy
type: Standard Name
definition: "specific" means per unit mass. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: J kg-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to autoconversion to rain
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Autoconversion is the process of collision and coalescence which results in the formation of precipitation particles from cloud water droplets or ice crystals. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

optical thickness of atmosphere layer due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

sea water y velocity due to parameterized mesoscale eddies
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddies occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddies are represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. sea_water_y_velocity_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddies is used in some parameterisations of lateral diffusion in the ocean.
canonical units: m s-1

number concentration of aerosol particles at stp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa). The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m-3

integral wrt time of surface downward northward stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The abbreviation "wrt" means "with respect to". The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward.
canonical units: Pa s

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

cell area
type: Standard Name
definition: "Cell_area" is the horizontal area of a gridcell.
canonical units: m2

mass fraction of silt in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y'', where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the mass of X divided by the mass of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Grain-size class distribution is based on the Udden-Wentworth scale.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 249Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "249Cm" is the isotope "curium-249" with a half-life of 4.43e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of limonene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

cloud binary mask
type: Standard Name
definition: X_binary_mask has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. 1 = cloud present, 0 = cloud absent (clear). If no threshold is supplied, the binary mask is 1 if there is any non-zero amount of cloud. if a threshold is supplied, it should be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of cloud_area_fraction. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of secondary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 218Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "218Rn" is the isotope "radon-218" with a half-life of 4.05e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 244mAm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "244mAm" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea binary mask
type: Standard Name
definition: X"_binary_mask" has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. 1 = sea, 0 = land.
canonical units: 1

northward water vapor flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land ice surface melt flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The land_ice_surface_melt_flux is the loss of ice mass resulting from surface melting. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. There is also a standard name for the quantity surface_snow_and_ice_melt_flux.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of hypobromous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: 1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 143La
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "143La" is the isotope "lanthanum-143" with a half-life of 9.72e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 215Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "215Po" is the isotope "polonium-215" with a half-life of 2.06e-08 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea ice y displacement
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. A y displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid y coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of nitrogen in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Total nitrogen means nitrogen in all chemical forms. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of pm10 sodium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the sodium cation is Na+.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole fraction of toluene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: 1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 aerosol particles at standard temperature and pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface downwelling photon spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 101Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "101Tc" is the isotope "technetium-101" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean mixed layer thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. Various criteria are used to define the mixed layer; this can be specified by using a standard name of ocean_mixed_layer_defined_by_X. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 94mNb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 4.34e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

moles of particulate inorganic carbon per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Particulate inorganic carbon is carbon bound in molecules ionically that may be liberated from the particles as carbon dioxide by acidification.
canonical units: mol kg-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

sea water alkalinity expressed as mole equivalent
type: Standard Name
definition: 'sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent' is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components).
canonical units: mol m-3

mole fraction of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 162mTb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162mTb" is the metastable state of the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 9.30e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of hydroperoxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. In chemistry, a 'radical' is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 127Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "127Sn" is the isotope "tin-127" with a half-life of 8.84e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

radial sea water velocity toward instrument
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Radial velocity toward instrument" means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement toward the instrument (i.e. inward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. A standard name referring to radial velocity "away_from_instrument" should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 135Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135Cs" is the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 8.39e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea ice y force per unit area due to coriolis effect
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In meteorology and oceanography, the Coriolis effect per unit mass arises solely from the earth's rotation and acts as a deflecting force, normal to the velocity, to the right of the motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Coriolis_force. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: N m-2

iron growth limitation of picophytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Iron growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of iron) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on iron availability.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 217Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "217Po" is the isotope "polonium-217" with a half-life of 1.16e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.
canonical units: J m-2

radioactivity concentration of 244Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "244Cm" is the isotope "curium-244" with a half-life of 6.42e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

air potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Air potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if moved dry adiabatically to a standard pressure, typically representative of mean sea level pressure. To specify the standard pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

atmosphere moles of gaseous elemental mercury
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained inA, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

land ice basal drag
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. Basal drag is a resistive stress opposing ice flow at the ice bedrock boundary.
canonical units: Pa

upward sensible heat flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat caused by the motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface downwelling photosynthetic radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

mass concentration of gaseous divalent mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: kg m-3

air temperature at effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation
type: Standard Name
definition: The "effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation" is (approximately) the geometric height above the surface that is one optical depth at infrared wavelengths (in the region of 11 micrometers) below the cloud top that would be detected by visible and lidar techniques. Reference: Minnis, P. et al 2011 CERES Edition-2 Cloud Property Retrievals Using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS Data x2014; Part I: Algorithms IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(11), 4374-4400. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2144601. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 130I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "130I" is the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 5.18e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of propene
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrate dry aerosol particles due to net chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea floor depth below reference ellipsoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

wind speed of gust due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a list of terms, the maximum of which composes the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m s-1

water flux into sea water without flux correction
type: Standard Name
definition: Water means water in all phases. The water_flux_into_sea_water_without_flux_correction is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow and sea ice effects. The total water flux including any flux relaxation(s) or correction(s) is described by the standard name water_flux_into_sea_water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: 1

sea water speed shear
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Sea water speed shear is the derivative of sea water speed with respect to depth.
canonical units: s-1

mole concentration of clox expressed as chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as "Cly", describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of alkenes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain chemical double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n); "alkenes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkene species, e.g., ethene and propene.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downward dry static energy flux due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 85mKr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 1.83e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

stratiform graupel flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. There are also separate standard names for hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. "Inorganic nitrogen" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

root mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

product of lagrangian tendency of air pressure and air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K Pa s-1

tropopause adjusted radiative forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of bromine chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: kg m-3

product of upward air velocity and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 54Mn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Mn" means the element "manganese" and "54Mn" is the isotope "manganese-54" with a half-life of 3.12e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

surface sea water y velocity due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, and the rotation of the Earth. This rise in water level is accompanied by a horizontal movement of water called the tidal current.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 206Hg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Hg" means the element "mercury" and "206Hg" is the isotope "mercury-206" with a half-life of 5.57e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of hox expressed as hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen, OH and HO2.
canonical units: 1

change over time in land surface liquid water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Land surface liquid water amount" includes water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs and liquid precipitation intercepted by the vegetation canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface downward y stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Downward y" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward y stress is a downward flux of momentum, which accelerates the lower medium in the direction of increasing y and and the upper medium in the direction of decreasing y.
canonical units: Pa

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from litter in fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. The quantity with standard name surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_fires is the sum of the quantities with standard names surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_vegetation_in_fires and surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_litter_in_fires.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 132I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "132I" is the isotope "iodine-132" with a half-life of 9.60e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 254mEs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254mEs" is the metastable state of the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 1.63e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 250Bk in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "250Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-250" with a half-life of 1.34e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

moles of particulate matter expressed as phosphorus per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/TPHSVLPT/5/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

sea surface swell wave mean period from variance spectral density second frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The swell wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta). Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The second wave period, T(m2), is calculated as the square root of the ratio M(0)/M(2).
canonical units: s

radioactivity concentration of 127mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 1.09e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

surface snow sublimation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor.
canonical units: kg m-2

eastward sea water velocity due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components.
canonical units: m s-1

mole fraction of halon2402 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of northward wind due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

mass concentration of dinitrogen pentoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

eastward water vapor transport across unit distance in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

number of days with air temperature below threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum".
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 87Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "87Kr" is the isotope "krypton-87" with a half-life of 5.28e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sinking mole flux of particulate iron in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 240Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "240Am" is the isotope "americium-240" with a half-life of 2.12e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of carbon monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of copper in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Copper means copper in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total copper". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of sea water conservative temperature expressed as heat content
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. This tendency encompasses all processes that impact on the time changes for the heat content within a grid cell. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.
canonical units: W m-2

surface downward northward stress due to ocean viscous dissipation
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Viscosity" means the stress associated with viscous effects at the sea surface and is equivalent to the turbulent stress just outside the viscous sublayer.
canonical units: Pa

radioactivity concentration of 102Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102Tc" is the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 6.12e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

toa cloud radiative effect
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. Cloud radiative effect is also commonly known as "cloud radiative forcing". It is the sum of the quantities with standard names toa_shortwave_cloud_radiative_effect and toa_longwave_cloud_radiative_effect. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of graupel and hail
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. For models that do distinguish between them, separate standard names for hail and graupel are available.
canonical units: kg m-2

area fraction below surface
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name area_fraction_below_surface is the fraction of horizontal area where a given isobaric surface is below the (ground or sea) surface. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

mass content of water vapor containing 18O in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "18O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-18".
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: s-1

mass concentration of chlorophyllide a in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of chlorophyllide-a is C35H34MgN4O5.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 245Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "245Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-245" with a half-life of 4.16e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere moles of hcfc141b
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 129mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "129mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-129" with a half-life of 8.02e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of middle atmosphere moles of methyl chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methyl chloride is CH3Cl.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles expressed as sulfur due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer are used". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of pm10 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of, respectively, "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature."
canonical units: kg m-3

solid precipitation flux containing 17O
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Solid precipitation refers to the precipitation of water in the solid phase. Water in the atmosphere exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or vapor. The solid phase can exist as snow, hail, graupel, cloud ice, or as a component of aerosol. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "17O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-17".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water conservative temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of hcfc141b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of organic carbon due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface downwelling photosynthetic spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of cfc12
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

mass fraction of chlorine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: 1

maximum over coordinate rotation of sea ice horizontal shear strain rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Axial strain is the symmetric component of the tensor representing the gradient of internal forces (e.g. in ice). Strain rate refers to off-diagonal element(s) of the strain tensor (a single element for horizontal shear strain). "Horizontal" refers to the local horizontal in the location of the sea ice, i.e., perpendicular to the local gravity vector. Each of the strain components is defined with respect to a frame of reference. "Coordinate rotation" refers to the range of all possible orientations of the frame of reference. The shear strain has a maximum value relative to one of these orientations. The second invariant of strain rate, often referred to as the maximum shear strain [rate], is the maximum over coordinate rotations of the shear strain rate.
canonical units: s-1

mass fraction of dichlorine peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of bromochloromethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for bromochloromethane is CH2BrCl. The IUPAC name is bromochloromethane.
canonical units: mol mol-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 99mTc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 2.51e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 123mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "123mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 2.78e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 84mBr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "84mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 4.16e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tropopause instantaneous shortwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

surface net upward mass flux of methane due to emission from freshwater lakes
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitric acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 156Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "156Sm" is the isotope "samarium-156" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of nitrogen monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

net downward shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 95Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95Nb" is the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 228Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "228Ra" is the isotope "radium-228" with a half-life of 2.45e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

modified fosberg fire weather index
type: Standard Name
definition: The modified Fosberg Fire Weather Index (mFFWI) is a measure of the potential effect of weather conditions on wildland fire. The Fosberg Fire Weather Index is a function of temperature, wind, and humidity. It is modified with a fuel availability factor based on the Keetch Byram Drought Index.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attr…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The ratio of volume extinction coefficient to volume backwards scattering coefficient by ranging instrument in air due to ambient aerosol particles (often called "lidar ratio") is the ratio of the "volume extinction coefficient" and the "volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux by ranging instrument in air due to ambient aerosol particles". The ratio is assumed to be related to the same wavelength of incident radiation. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: sr

number size distribution of cloud condensation nuclei at stp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The cloud condensation nuclei number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles as a function of particle diameter, where the particle acts as condensation nucleus for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific mobility particle sizes. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).
canonical units: m-3

nfdrs 1000 hour fuel moisture
type: Standard Name
definition: 1000 hour fuel moisture (FM1000) represents the modelled moisture content in the dead fuels in the 3 to 8 inch diameter class and the layer of the forest floor about 4 inches below the surface. The value is based on a running 7-day average. The 1000-hour time lag fuel moisture is a function of length of day (as influenced by latitude and calendar date), daily temperature and relative humidity extremes (maximum and minimum values) and the 24-hour precipitation duration values for a 7-day period. It is a component in the US National Fire Danger Rating System. The US National Fire Danger Rating System comprises several numeric indexes that rate the potential over a large area for wildland fires to ignite, spread, and require action to suppress or manage. It was designed for use in the continental United States, and all its components are relative, not absolute.
canonical units: %

ocean vertical heat diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical heat diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of heat due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

atmosphere moles of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

canopy albedo
type: Standard Name
definition: Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. The surface_albedo restricted to the area type "vegetation" is related to canopy_albedo, but the former also includes the effect of radiation being reflected from the ground underneath the canopy.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hcfc142b due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

kinetic energy dissipation in atmosphere boundary layer
type: Standard Name
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of bacteria expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere moles of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere mass content of methyl chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

downward heat flux in floating ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Floating ice" means any ice that is floating on water, e.g. on a sea or lake surface.
canonical units: W m-2

toa outgoing longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

sea water specific potential enthalpy
type: Standard Name
definition: The potential enthalpy of a sea water parcel is the specific enthalpy after an adiabatic and isohaline change in pressure from its in situ pressure to the sea pressure p = 0 dbar. "specific" means per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.
canonical units: J kg-1

nitrogen mass flux into soil from litter
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mole concentration of aragonite expressed as carbon in sea water due to dissolution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of acetic acid due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of benzene
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

sea surface secondary swell wave period at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the secondary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. The phrase "wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave period, describes the period of the most energetic waves within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: s

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ozone due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sound pressure level in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound pressure is the difference from the local ambient pressure caused by a sound wave at a particular location and time. Sound pressure level in air is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound pressure of 2e-5 Pa. Lp = 20 log10(p/p0) where Lp is the sound pressure level, p is the rms sound pressure and p0 is the reference sound pressure.
canonical units: dB

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 96Nb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "96Nb" is the isotope "niobium-96" with a half-life of 9.75e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

area fraction of twilight defined by solar zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. A coordinate variable of solar_zenith_angle indicating the day extent should be specified. Solar zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local vertical.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 250Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "250Cf" is the isotope "californium-250" with a half-life of 4.75e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

angle of rotation from east to x
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name angle_of_rotation_from_east_to_x is the angle, anticlockwise reckoned positive, between due East and (dr/di)jk, where r(i,j,k) is the vector 3D position of the point with coordinate indices (i,j,k). It could be used for rotating vector fields between model space and latitude-longitude space.
canonical units: degree

sea surface wind wave from direction at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming in the wind wave component of a sea. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the wave spectrum partition. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere moles of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 128Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "128Sn" is the isotope "tin-128" with a half-life of 4.09e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of sulfur hexafluoride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of sulfur hexafluoride is SF6.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 248Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "248Cm" is the isotope "curium-248" with a half-life of 1.72e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 249Bk in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "249Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-249" with a half-life of 3.15e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

isotope ratio of 18O to 16O in sea water excluding solutes and solids
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. The phrase "isotope_ratio" is used in the construction isotope_ratio_of_A_to_B where A and B are both named isotopes. It means the ratio of the number of atoms of A to the number of atoms of B present within a medium. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "18O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-18". "16O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-16". The phrase "in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids" means that the standard name refers only to the chemical compound water and does not include material that may be dissolved or suspended in the aqueous medium.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of pm10 sulfate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: 1

virtual salt flux correction
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 149Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "149Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-149" with a half-life of 7.23e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 103mRh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "103mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-103" with a half-life of 3.89e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of beta pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for beta pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt depth of sea water temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. "wrt" means with respect to. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, …
canonical units: K m

atmosphere mole content of water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The construction "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" means the vertically integrated number of moles of X above a unit area. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated. The chemical formula for water is H2O.
canonical units: mol m-2

tendency of sea water salinity due to vertical mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical mixing" means any vertical transport other than by advection and parameterized eddy advection, represented by a combination of vertical diffusion, turbulent mixing and convection in ocean models. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which …
canonical units: 1e-3 s-1

northward upward derivative of geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.
canonical units: s-2

surface geostrophic sea water y velocity assuming mean sea level for geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.
canonical units: m s-1

mole concentration of halon1301 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

institution
type: Standard Name
definition: An auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of institution contains string values which specify where the original data, with which the coordinate variable is associated, were produced. The use of institution as the standard name for an auxiliary coordinate variable permits the aggregation of data from multiple institutions within a single data file.

atmosphere moles of cfc113
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 232Pa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "232Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-232" with a half-life of 1.31e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

moles of particulate biogenic silica per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Biogenic silica is a hydrated form of silica (silicon dioxide) with the chemical formula SiO2.nH2O sometimes referred to as opaline silica or opal. It is created by biological processes and in sea water it is predominantly the skeletal material of diatoms.
canonical units: mol kg-1

atmosphere mass content of carbon tetrachloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 163Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "163Tb" is the isotope "terbium-163" with a half-life of 1.36e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 212Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "212Po" is the isotope "polonium-212" with a half-life of 3.52e-12 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 135I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "135I" is the isotope "iodine-135" with a half-life of 2.79e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of chlorophyll c1 and chlorophyll c2 in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Chlorophyll c1c2 (sometimes written c1-c2 or c1+c2) means the sum of chlorophyll c1 and chlorophyll c2. The chemical formula of chlorophyll c1 is C35H30MgN4O5, and chlorophyll c2 is C35H28MgN4O5. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CHLC12PX/3/.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere mass content of radon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass fraction of cloud ice in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 dust dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of isoprene
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 236mNp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 4.72e+10 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt depth of tendency of sea water alkalinity expressed as mole equivalent due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. "wrt" means with respect to. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent' is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

snow transport across line due to sea ice dynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg s-1

sea surface mean square crosswave slope
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum. The phrase "crosswave_slope" means that slope values are derived from vector components across (normal to) the axis from which waves are travelling. The primary directional axis along which wave energy associated with the slope calculation is travelling has the standard name sea_surface_mean_square_upwave_slope_direction.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 216Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "216Po" is the isotope "polonium-216" with a half-life of 1.74e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 106mRh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 9.09e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 111mPd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 2.29e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of sea ice area fraction due to thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 149Pm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "149Pm" is the isotope "promethium-149" with a half-life of 2.21e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downward mass flux of carbon dioxide abiotic analogue expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 162mTb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162mTb" is the metastable state of the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 9.30e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as silicon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called"molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 248Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "248Cm" is the isotope "curium-248" with a half-life of 1.72e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

dry static energy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: J m-2

sea water practical salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.
canonical units: 1

sea surface primary swell wave from direction at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming in the primary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the wave spectrum partition. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: degree

surface downward sensible heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

isotropic longwave radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. If radiation is isotropic, the radiance is independent of direction, so the direction should not be specified. If the radiation is directionally dependent, a standard name of upwelling or downwelling radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

nitrogen mass flux into forestry and agricultural products due to anthropogenic land use or land cover change
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of nitrogen that represent these products in order to conserve nitrogen and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere upward absolute vorticity
type: Standard Name
definition: Atmosphere upward absolute vorticity is the sum of the atmosphere upward relative vorticity and the vertical component of vorticity due to the Earth’s rotation. In contrast, the quantity with standard name atmosphere_upward_relative_vorticity excludes the Earth's rotation. Vorticity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). A positive value of atmosphere_upward_absolute_vorticity indicates anticlockwise rotation when viewed from above.
canonical units: s-1

virtual salt flux into sea water due to rainfall
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

time
type: Standard Name
canonical units: s

surface upwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

tendency of sea ice thickness due to thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of middle atmosphere moles of hcc140a
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of cfc11 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alpha pinene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of terpenes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than on equal to one. The term "terpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual terpene species, e.g., isoprene and limonene.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 109Pd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "109Pd" is the isotope "palladium-109" with a half-life of 5.61e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface net downward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as 14C due to all land processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 dust dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

nfdrs 10 hour fuel moisture
type: Standard Name
definition: 10 hour fuel moisture (FM10) represents the modeled moisture content of dead fuels consisting of roundwood in the size range of one quarter to 1 inch in diameter and very roughly, the layer of litter extending from just below the surface to three-quarters of inch below the surface. The 10-hour timelag fuel moisture is a function of length of day (as influenced by latitude and calendar date), daily downwelling shortwave radiation, daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity, and daily precipitation values. It is a component in the US National Fire Danger Rating System (cf. https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/public/pdf/idc-020513.pdf). The US National Fire Danger Rating System comprises several numeric indexes that rate the potential over a large area for wildland fires to ignite, spread, and require action to suppress or manage. It was designed for use in the continental United States, and all its components are relative, not absolute.
canonical units: %

surface radioactivity content of 135mBa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "135mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-135" with a half-life of 1.20e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

growth limitation of picophytoplankton due to solar irradiance
type: Standard Name
definition: Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. Solar irradiance is essential to the photosynthesis reaction and its presence promotes the growth of phytoplankton populations. "Growth limitation due to solar irradiance" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where the amount of sunlight reaching a location may be limited) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on solar irradiance.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of phytoplankton expressed as phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere moles of limonene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 210Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "210Pb" is the isotope "lead-210" with a half-life of 7.64e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of hcc140a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

hail fall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. For diameters of less than 5 mm standard names for "graupel" should be used. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2

ocean mass y transport due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

sea water reference salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: If a sea water sample has the Reference Composition (defined in Millero et al., 2008), then its Reference Salinity is the best available estimate of its Absolute Salinity. For general purposes, Reference Salinity is (35.16504 g kg-1)/35 times Practical Salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, and sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: g kg-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of beta pinene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to condensation and evaporation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor.
canonical units: s-1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to aerosol particles at standard temperature and pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass content of 13C in vegetation and litter and soil and forestry and agricultural products
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 236mNp
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 4.72e+10 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 233Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "233Th" is the isotope "thorium-233" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 99Mo in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "99Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-99" with a half-life of 2.78e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

forecast reference time
type: Standard Name
definition: The forecast reference time in NWP is the "data time", the time of the analysis from which the forecast was made. It is not the time for which the forecast is valid; the standard name of time should be used for that time.
canonical units: s

radioactivity concentration of 130mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 4.58e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 133mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 3.84e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 102Mo in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "102Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-102" with a half-life of 7.71e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 140La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "140La" is the isotope "lanthanum-140" with a half-life of 1.76e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

burned area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Burned area" means the area of burned vegetation.
canonical units: 1

downwelling photon radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 242Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "242Cm" is the isotope "curium-242" with a half-life of 1.63e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 107Pd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107Pd" is the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.37e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 dust dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of mercury in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Mercury means mercury in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total mercury". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere net rate of absorption of shortwave energy
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.
canonical units: W m-2

volume fraction of condensed water in soil pores
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Condensed water" means liquid and ice. The quantity with standard name volume_fraction_of_condensed_water_in_soil_pores is the ratio of the volume of condensed water in soil pores to the volume of the pores themselves.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 230Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "230Th" is the isotope "thorium-230" with a half-life of 2.92e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 220Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "220Rn" is the isotope "radon-220" with a half-life of 6.37e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of troposphere moles of carbon monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol s-1

tropopause adjusted longwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 132Te
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "132Te" is the isotope "tellurium-132" with a half-life of 3.25e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 227Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "227Th" is the isotope "thorium-227" with a half-life of 1.82e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of oxygenated hydrocarbons in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Oxygenated" means containing oxygen. "Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon.
canonical units: 1

tendency of sea ice amount due to lateral growth of ice floes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. An ice floe is a flat expanse of sea ice, generally taken to be less than 10 km across. "Lateral growth of ice floe" means the accumulation of ice at the extreme edges of the ice area.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upward mass flux of air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

wind speed of gust
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of mass fraction of cloud liquid water in air due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of sea ice amount due to frazil ice accumulation in leads
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Frazil" consists of needle like crystals of ice, typically between three and four millimeters in diameter, which form as sea water begins to freeze. Salt is expelled during the freezing process and frazil ice consists of nearly pure fresh water. Leads are stretches of open water within wider areas of sea ice.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of xylene
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 117In
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "117In" is the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 3.05e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface wave mean from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave direction in each frequency band, calculated from the first-order components of the wave directional spectrum. The full directional wave spectrum is described as a Fourier series: S = a0/2 + a1cos(theta) + b1sin(theta) + a2cos(2theta) + b2sin(2theta). The Fourier coefficients a1, b1, a2, & b2 can be converted to polar coordinates as follows: R1 = (SQRT(a1a1+b1b1))/a0, R2 = (SQRT(a2a2+b2b2))/a0, ALPHA1 = 270.0-ARCTAN(b1,a1), ALPHA2 = 270.0-(0.5*ARCTAN(b2,a2)+{0 or 180, whichever minimizes the difference between ALPHA1 and ALPHA2}). ALPHA1 is the mean wave direction, which is determined from the first-order Fourier coefficients. This spectral parameter is a separate quantity from the bulk parameter (MWDIR), which has the standard name sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degrees

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 109mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "109mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-109" with a half-life of 4.58e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

isccp cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. The ISCCP cloud area fraction is diagnosed from atmosphere model output by the ISCCP simulator software in such a way as to be comparable with the observational diagnostics of ISCCP (the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project). Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

land ice surface specific mass balance flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. "Surface specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice surface due to all processes of surface accumulation and ablation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hcfc141b
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt depth of product of conservative temperature and sea water density
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). For Boussinesq models, density is the constant Boussinesq reference density, a quantity which has the standard name reference_sea_water_density_for_boussinesq_approximation. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin…
canonical units: kg degree_C m-2

atmosphere mass content of aromatic compounds
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Aromatic compounds in organic chemistry are compounds that contain at least one benzene ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double covalent bonds. The simplest aromatic compound is benzene itself. In standard names "aromatic_compounds" is the term used to describe the group of aromatic chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aromatic species, e.g. benzene and xylene.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of bromine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole fraction of propane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

mole content of methane in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. For the mole content integrated from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, standard names including "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" are used. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-2

downwelling spherical irradiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform surge rate aft
type: Standard Name
definition: "Surge rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. "Aft" indicates that positive values of surge rate represent the platform moving backward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_rate_fore should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 129mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 3.34e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 103Ru in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "103Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-103" with a half-life of 3.95e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

fog area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Fog means water droplets or minute ice crystals close to the surface which reduce visibility in air to less than 1000m.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land ice lwe calving rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The land ice calving rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area through calving into the ocean.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of ammonium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4.
canonical units: kg m-3

toa outgoing longwave flux assuming reference mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: W m-2

moles of dissolved nitrogen per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved nitrogen" means the sum of all nitrogen in solution: inorganic nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate and ammonium) plus nitrogen in carbon compounds.
canonical units: mol kg-1

biological taxon lsid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. The quantity with standard name biological_taxon_lsid is the machine-readable identifier based on a taxon registration system using the syntax convention specified for the Life Science Identifier (LSID) - urn:lsid:<Authority>:<Namespace>:<ObjectID>[:<Version>]. This includes the reference classification in the element and these are restricted by the LSID governance. It is strongly recommended in CF that the authority chosen is World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) for oceanographic data and Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) for freshwater and terrestrial data. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables. This identifier is a narrower equivalent to the scientificNameID field in the Darwin Core Standard.

surface sea water y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Ocean currents are related to phenomena of different nature and processes, such as density currents, currents raised by the wind, tide, wave propagation, mass flow in estuaries, etc. This Standard Name refers to the sum of currents of all origins.
canonical units: m s-1

ratio of ice volume in frozen ground to pore volume in unfrozen ground
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. "X_volume" means the volume occupied by X within the grid cell. Pore volume is the volume of the porosity of the ground under natural, unfrozen conditions. This is often known as "ice saturation index".
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 117In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "117In" is the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 3.05e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

air pressure anomaly
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

surface radioactivity content of 221Rn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "221Rn" is the isotope "radon-221" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea ice average normal horizontal stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Axial stress is the symmetric component of the tensor representing the gradient of internal forces (e.g. in ice). Horizontal stress refers to the stress in the horizontal plane. "Horizontal" refers to the local horizontal in the location of the sea ice, i.e., perpendicular to the local gravity vector. Average normal stress refers to the average of the diagonal elements of the stress tensor and represents the first invariant of stress.
canonical units: N m-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comme…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 225Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "225Ac" is the isotope "actinium-225" with a half-life of 1.00e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

specific enthalpy of air
type: Standard Name
definition: The specific_enthalpy_of_air is the enthalpy of air per unit mass, which can be computed for an air sample as the sum of the enthalpy of the dry air and the enthalpy of the water vapor in that air, divided by the mass of dry air.
canonical units: J kg-1

soil liquid water content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of halon1211 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: 1

temperature in ground
type: Standard Name
definition: The temperature at any given depth (or in a layer) below the surface of the ground, excluding surficial snow and ice (but not permafrost or soil). For temperatures in surface lying snow and ice, the more specific standard names temperature_in_surface_snow and land_ice_temperature should be used. For temperatures measured or modelled specifically for the soil layer (the near-surface layer where plants sink their roots) the standard name soil_temperature should be used. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface radioactivity content of 78Ge
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "78Ge" is the isotope "germanium-78" with a half-life of 6.03e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 215Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "215Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-215" with a half-life of 4.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of pm10 ammonium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4+.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface downward heat flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface swell wave from direction at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_swell_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming in the swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the wave spectrum partition. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The swell wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of atomic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of bromine nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of molecular hydrogen due to chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical production" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce a certain amount of the particular species. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

eastward sea ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 207Tl
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "207Tl" is the isotope "thallium-207" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 242Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "242Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-242" with a half-life of 1.38e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of hcfc141b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 110mAg
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "110mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-110" with a half-life of 2.70e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

northward derivative of northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name northward_derivative_of_northward_wind is the derivative of the northward component of wind with respect to distance in the northward direction for a given atmospheric level. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere mass content of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

water surface reference datum altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. 'Water surface reference datum altitude' means the altitude of the arbitrary datum referred to by a quantity with standard name 'water_surface_height_above_reference_datum'. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of picophytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of beta carotene in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of beta-carotene is C40H56. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/BBCAXXP1/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of methanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 128Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "128Sn" is the isotope "tin-128" with a half-life of 4.09e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of oxidized nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in sea water due to dissolved organic matter
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 146Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "146Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-146" with a half-life of 1.68e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of carbon dioxide tracer in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". A "tracer" is a quantity advected by a model to facilitate analysis of flow patterns.
canonical units: 1

cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as 13C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Gross primary production is the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton. The producers also respire some of this biomass and the difference is "net_primary_production". "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

subsurface runoff flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of convective cloud condensed water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of zooplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Zooplankton" means the total zooplankton population, with components such as mesozooplankton, microzooplankton and miscellaneous zooplankton.
canonical units: kg m-3

platform speed wrt sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. The abbreviation "wrt" means with respect to. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

land ice lwe basal melt rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The land ice basal melt rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area at the base of the ice.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 130Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "130Sn" is the isotope "tin-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 91mY in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 3.46e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface downward northward stress due to sea surface waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea surface waves" means the stress associated with form drag over sea surface waves.
canonical units: Pa

atmosphere kinetic energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: J m-2

surface upwelling radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

ocean mass x transport due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by coccolithophores
type: Standard Name
definition: Vertically integrated primary (organic carbon) production by the coccolithophores component alone. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mass concentration of benzene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

height
type: Standard Name
definition: Height is the vertical distance above the surface.
canonical units: m

upward water vapor flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward eastward stress due to sea surface waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted at the surface. An upward stress is an upward flux of momentum into the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward stress is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea surface waves" means the stress associated with oscillatory motions of a wavy sea surface.
canonical units: Pa

surface radioactivity content of 125Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "125Sn" is the isotope "tin-125" with a half-life of 9.65e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

effective radius of stratiform cloud liquid water particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of peridinin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/PERDXXXX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ozone due to dry deposition into stomata
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea floor depth below sea surface
type: Standard Name
definition: The sea_floor_depth_below_sea_surface is the vertical distance between the sea surface and the seabed as measured at a given point in space including the variance caused by tides and possibly waves.
canonical units: m

sea water velocity to direction
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

mole concentration of aragonite expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

sea surface primary swell wave period at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the primary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. The phrase "wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave period, describes the period of the most energetic waves within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: s

radioactivity concentration of 213Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "213Po" is the isotope "polonium-213" with a half-life of 4.86e-11 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of solid precipitation falling onto surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name mass_fraction_of_solid_precipitation_falling_onto_surface_snow is the mass of solid precipitation falling onto snow as a fraction of the mass of solid precipitation falling within the area of interest. Solid precipitation refers to the precipitation of water in the solid phase. Water in the atmosphere exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or vapor. The solid phase can exist as snow, hail, graupel, cloud ice, or as a component of aerosol. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: 1

downwelling photosynthetic radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

platform roll rate starboard down
type: Standard Name
definition: "Roll rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. "Starboard down" indicates that positive values of roll rate represent the right side of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_rate_starboard_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 243Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "243Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-243" with a half-life of 2.07e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere heat diffusivity
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m2 s-1

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavenumber mean within collocation target
type: Standard Name
definition: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_mean_within_collocation_target is an average of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation target. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The "collocation target" is an area on the Earth's surface at which observations from at least two sensors are collected. Its size is defined by the sensor with the largest field-of-view footprint. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 (m-1)-1

mass fraction of pm2p5 dust dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: 1

water evaporation flux from canopy
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies."Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to dissipation of orographic gravity waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Orographic gravity waves" refer to gravity waves which are generated by flow over orography. The dissipation of gravity waves generates heating through an eddy heat flux convergence and through a viscous stress term. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

sea water temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. To specify the depth at which the temperature applies use a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable. There are standard names for sea_surface_temperature, sea_surface_skin_temperature, sea_surface_subskin_temperature and sea_surface_foundation_temperature which can be used to describe data located at the specified surfaces. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the…
canonical units: K

surface roughness length for humidity in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The height above the surface where the mean value of humidity assumes its surface value when extrapolated along a logarithmic profile downward towards the surface. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of hydrogen bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 93Zr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "93Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-93" with a half-life of 3.47e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

water vapor saturation deficit in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water vapor saturation deficit" is the difference between the saturation water vapor partial pressure and the actual water vapor partial pressure in air.
canonical units: Pa

thickness of snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]snowfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of snow which fell i.e. the thickness of the layer of snow at its own density. There are corresponding standard names for liquid water equivalent (lwe) thickness.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 236Np
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236Np" is the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 9.17e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 241Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "241Cm" is the isotope "curium-241" with a half-life of 3.50e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upward heat flux at ground level in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: ground_level means the land surface (beneath the snow and surface water, if any). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface wave frequency at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. The sea_surface_wave_frequency_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the frequency of the most energetic waves in the total wave spectrum at a specific location. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: s-1

surface downward heat flux in snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: W m-2

barotropic sea water x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhou…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 154Eu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "154Eu" is the isotope "europium-154" with a half-life of 3.13e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface upward mass flux of nox expressed as nitrogen out of vegetation and litter and soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen NO+NO2. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 152mPm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

land ice basal specific mass balance flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. "Basal specific mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice base.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to longwave heating from volcanic ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 60Co in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Co" means the element "cobalt" and "60Co" is the isotope "cobalt-60" with a half-life of 1.93e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

convective cloud top height
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Height is the vertical distance above the surface. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

received power of radio wave scattered by air
type: Standard Name
definition: The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities), of whatever kind the instrument detects. A standard name referring to the recieved power of the signal at the instrument.
canonical units: W

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. This tendency encompasses all processes that impact on the time changes for the salt content within a grid cell.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere moles of hcfc22
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea ice speed
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of biomass burning dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 156Eu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "156Eu" is the isotope "europium-156" with a half-life of 1.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

thermal energy content of surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Thermal energy is the total vibrational energy, kinetic and potential, of all the molecules and atoms in a substance. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: J m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 115mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 4.46e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrous acid due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minimum depth of calcite undersaturation in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'Undersaturation' means that a solution is unsaturated with respect to a solute. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate. The "minimum depth of undersaturation", sometimes called the "saturation horizon", is the shallowest depth at which a body of water is an undersaturated solution of a named solute.
canonical units: m

surface downward water flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface water flux is the result of precipitation and evaporation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface swell wave mean period from variance spectral density first frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The swell wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta). Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The first wave period, T(m1), is calculated as the ratio M(0)/M(1).
canonical units: s

mole fraction of propene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere,i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 105Ru in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "105Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-105" with a half-life of 1.85e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

effective radius of stratiform cloud ice particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 87Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "87Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-87" with a half-life of 1.71e+13 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 83Se
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "83Se" is the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 1.56e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

product of eastward wind and upward air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.
canonical units: m2 s-2

soil mass content of 14C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation.
canonical units: s-1

volume fraction of frozen water in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The phrase "frozen_water" means ice.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 218Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "218Po" is the isotope "polonium-218" with a half-life of 2.12e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 24Na in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Na" means the element "sodium" and "24Na" is the isotope "sodium-24" with a half-life of 6.27e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of acetone due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Acetone is an organic molecule with the chemical formula CH3CH3CO. The IUPAC name for acetone is propan-2-one. Acetone is a member of the group of organic compounds known as ketones. There are standard names for the ketone group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guideli…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface downward mass flux of water due to irrigation
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Irrigation" includes water used to sustain crops, trees, pastures and urban lawns.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

steric change in mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: Steric sea level change is caused by changes in sea water density due to changes in temperature (thermosteric) and salinity (halosteric). "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. Zero mean sea level change is an arbitrary level. The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level and halosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level has the standard name steric_change_in_mean_sea_level.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 255Es in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "255Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-255" with a half-life of 3.84e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of acetic acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 250Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "250Cm" is the isotope "curium-250" with a half-life of 2.52e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

air temperature anomaly
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole fraction of ethyne in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

change over time in river water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Water" means water in all phases. "River" refers to the water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain). "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

stratiform graupel fall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. There are also separate standard names for hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of water in ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 117Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.08e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

beam consistency indicator from multibeam acoustic doppler velocity profiler in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The "beam_consistency_indicator" is the degree to which the received acoustic pulse is correlated with the transmitted pulse. It is used as a data quality assessment parameter in ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) instruments and is frequently referred to as "correlation magnitude". Convention is that the larger the value, the higher the signal to noise ratio and therefore the better the quality of the current vector measurements; the maximum value of the indicator is 128.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 101Mo
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "101Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-101" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of violaxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of violaxanthin is C40H56O4.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of carbonate natural analogue expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula of the carbonate anion is CO3 with an electrical charge of minus two.
canonical units: mol m-3

toa adjusted shortwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

toa instantaneous radiative forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 161Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "161Tb" is the isotope "terbium-161" with a half-life of 6.92e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 143Pr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "143Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-143" with a half-life of 1.36e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 81mSe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "81mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 3.97e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tropopause adjusted shortwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 90mY in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 1.33e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

canopy throughfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. "Throughfall" is the part of the precipitation flux that reaches the ground directly through the vegetative canopy, through spaces in the canopy, and as drip from the leaves, twigs, and stems (but not including snowmelt). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 124mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

downward y stress at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. A downward y stress is a downward flux of momentum towards the positive direction of the model's y-axis. The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present.
canonical units: Pa

sea water electrical conductivity at reference temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The electrical conductivity of sea water in a sample measured at a defined reference temperature. The reference temperature should be recorded in a scalar coordinate variable, or a coordinate variable with a single dimension of size one, and the standard name of temperature_of_analysis_of_sea_water. This quantity is sometimes called 'specific conductivity' when the reference temperature 25 degrees Celsius.
canonical units: S m-1

barometric altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Barometric altitude is the altitude determined by a pressure measurement which is converted to altitude through interpolation of the International Standard Atmosphere (ICAO, 1976). A mean sea level pressure of 1013.25 hPa is used for the surface pressure.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 91Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91Y" is the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 5.86e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

equivalent reflectivity factor
type: Standard Name
definition: "Equivalent reflectivity factor" is the radar reflectivity factor that is calculated from the measured radar return power assuming the target is composed of liquid water droplets whose diameter is less than one tenth of the radar wavelength, i.e., treating the droplets as Rayleigh scatterers. The actual radar reflectivity factor would depend on the size distribution and composition of the particles within the target volume and these are often unknown.
canonical units: dBZ

surface radioactivity content of 242Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "242Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-242" with a half-life of 1.38e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere helicity
type: Standard Name
definition: One-half the scalar product of the air velocity and vorticity vectors, where vorticity refers to the standard name atmosphere_upward_absolute_vorticity. Helicity is proportional to the strength of the flow, the amount of vertical wind shear, and the amount of turning in the flow.
canonical units: m2 s-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

number concentration of convective cloud liquid water particles at convective liquid water cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. The phrase "convective_liquid_water_cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest convective liquid water cloud. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m-3

surface downwelling longwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 81Se in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "81Se" is the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 1.28e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 128mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 7.23e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of water vapor in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere optical thickness due to dust dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

nudging increment in snow and ice amount on land
type: Standard Name
definition: A "nudging increment" refers to an amount added to parts of a model system. The phrase "nudging_increment_in_X" refers to an increment in quantity X over a time period which should be defined in the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Snow and ice on land" means ice in glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets & shelves, river and lake ice, any other ice on a land surface, such as frozen flood water, and snow lying on such ice or on the land surface.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of peroxy radicals in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The term "peroxy_radicals" means all organic and inorganic peroxy radicals. This includes HO2 and all organic peroxy radicals, sometimes referred to as RO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 239Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "239Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-239" with a half-life of 8.91e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of organic carbon in pm10 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Chemically, "organic carbon aerosol" refers to the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter contained in any of the vast number of compounds where carbon is chemically combined with hydrogen and other elements like O, S, N, P, Cl, etc. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, organic carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

altitude at top of atmosphere model
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. "Top of atmosphere model" means the upper boundary of the top layer of an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere moles of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt time of surface downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

toa net downward radiative flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

water flux into sea water from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minus tendency of ocean mole content of iron due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 97mNb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 208Tl
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "208Tl" is the isotope "thallium-208" with a half-life of 2.15e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 113Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "113Ag" is the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 2.21e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 92Sr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "92Sr" is the isotope "strontium-92" with a half-life of 1.13e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 84Br in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "84Br" is the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 2.21e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

subsurface runoff amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of nitrous oxide in dry air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "in_dry_air" means that the quantity is calculated as the number of particles of X divided by the number of dry air particles, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: 1

runoff flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

projection x coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Projection coordinates are distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

angstrom exponent of ambient aerosol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The "Angstrom exponent" appears in the formula relating aerosol optical thickness to the wavelength of incident radiation: T(lambda) = T(lambda0) * [lambda/lambda0] ** (-1 * alpha) where alpha is the Angstrom exponent, lambda is the wavelength of incident radiation, lambda0 is a reference wavelength, T(lambda) and T(lambda0) are the values of aerosol optical thickness at wavelengths lambda and lambda0, respectively. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

net downward radiative flux at top of atmosphere model
type: Standard Name
definition: Fluxes at the top_of_atmosphere_model differ from TOA fluxes only if the model TOA fluxes make some allowance for the atmosphere above the top of the model; if not, it is usual to give standard names with toa to the fluxes at the top of the model atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 255Es in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "255Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-255" with a half-life of 3.84e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 127Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127Te" is the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of formaldehyde in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole fraction of ethanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: 1

sea surface height above geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. By definition of the geoid, the global average of the time-mean sea surface height (i.e. mean sea level) above the geoid must be zero. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above mean sea level is sea_surface_height_above_mean_sea_level. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid.
canonical units: m

wet bulb potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Wet bulb potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if moved dry adiabatically until it reaches saturation and thereafter moist adiabatically to sea level pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface geostrophic northward sea water velocity assuming mean sea level for geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean.) In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formic acid due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 243Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "243Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-243" with a half-life of 2.07e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea ice mole content of silicon
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole amount means moles of substance per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: mol m-2

dry atmosphere mole fraction of methane
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The construction "dry_atmosphere_mole_fraction" means that the quantity refers to the whole atmospheric column and is calculated as the total number of particles of X in the column divided by the number of dry air particles in the same column, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. For localized values within the atmospheric medium, standard names including "in_air" are used. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of alkenes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain chemical double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n); "alkenes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkene species, e.g., ethene and propene.
canonical units: kg m-2

basal downward heat flux in sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 249Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "249Cm" is the isotope "curium-249" with a half-life of 4.43e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

convective snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

soil mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 234U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "234U" is the isotope "uranium-234" with a half-life of 9.02e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

land ice vertical mean y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The vertical mean land ice velocity is the average from the bedrock to the surface of the ice.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 244mAm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "244mAm" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

root depth
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. The root depth is maximum depth of soil reached by plant roots, from which they can extract moisture.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 156Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "156Eu" is the isotope "europium-156" with a half-life of 1.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

mole concentration of halon1202 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 241Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "241Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-241" with a half-life of 4.83e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of clox expressed as chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 209Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "209Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-209" with a half-life of 7.29e+20 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 77mGe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77mGe" is the metastable state of the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of xylene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

convective rainfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

divergence of sea ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "[horizontal_]divergence_of_X" means [horizontal] divergence of a vector X; if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. A velocity is a vector quantity. Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: s-1

sea ice draft
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea ice draft is the depth of the sea-ice lower surface below the water surface. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 144Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "144Ce" is the isotope "cerium-144" with a half-life of 2.84e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of noy expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of diatoms expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Diatoms are single-celled phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of bromine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 133Te
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133Te" is the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 8.68e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

direction of sea ice displacement
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. In that case, "displacement" is also the distance across the earth's surface calculated from the change in a moving object's geospatial position between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. The "direction of displacement" is the angle between due north and the displacement vector. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: degrees

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of nitrous oxide due to chemical destruction
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface upward mass flux of methane due to emission from fires
type: Standard Name
definition: Methane emitted from the surface, generated by biomass burning (fires). Positive direction upwards. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The term "fires" means all biomass fires, whether naturally occurring or ignited by humans. The precise conditions under which fires produce and consume methane can vary between models.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of cfc113a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of air temperature due to stratiform precipitation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

sea surface wave xx radiation stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface wave radiation stress" describes the excess momentum flux caused by sea surface waves. Radiation stresses behave as a second-order tensor. "xx" indicates the component of the tensor along the grid x_ axis.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of methane due to chemical destruction
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

mole concentration of limonene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of butane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hypobromous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: mol s-1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of ocean mole content of calcite expressed as carbon due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mass concentration of lead in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Lead means lead in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total lead". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of air temperature due to shortwave heating assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

surface radioactivity content of 235Np
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "235Np" is the isotope "neptunium-235" with a half-life of 4.09e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 131I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "131I" is the isotope "iodine-131" with a half-life of 8.07e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 236Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236Np" is the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 9.17e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 130I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "130I" is the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 5.18e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of adenosine triphosphate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ATPXZZDZ/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

upward ocean mass transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).
canonical units: kg s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dimethyl sulfide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sensor view angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Sensor view angle is the angle between the line of sight from the sensor and the direction straight vertically down. Zero view angle means looking directly beneath the sensor. There is no standardized sign convention for sensor_view_angle. A standard name also exists for platform_view_angle, where "platform" refers to the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship, or satellite. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated view angle.
canonical units: degree

mole concentration of acetic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accomp…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of gaseous elemental mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles expressed as sulfur due to gravitational settling
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of cfc12
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol s-1

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as iron in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

convective cloud top altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

mole fraction of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 125mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "125mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-125" with a half-life of 5.81e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 144mPr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 4.98e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

product of wind speed and water vapor saturation deficit in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The product of windspeed and vapor pressure deficit is referred to as the Hot-Dry-Windy Index (HDW) for interpreting fire weather. It is a fire weather index that indicates the influence that the atmosphere has on a fire through wind, heat, and moisture (cf. https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/public/pdf/idc-020513.pdf). The units of HDW do not have an established physical significance for fire processes. As a fire weather index, it should be expressed in units of hPa m s-1.
canonical units: Pa m s-1

specific turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Specific" means per unit mass. "Turbulent kinetic energy" is the kinetic energy of chaotic fluctuations of the fluid flow. The dissipation of kinetic energy arises in ocean models as a result of the viscosity of sea water.
canonical units: W kg-1

atmosphere optical thickness due to ammonium ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 218At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "218At" is the isotope "astatine-218" with a half-life of 2.31e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of peroxyacetyl nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 106Ru in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "106Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-106" with a half-life of 3.66e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

growth limitation of diatoms due to solar irradiance
type: Standard Name
definition: Diatoms are phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. Solar irradiance is essential to the photosynthesis reaction and its presence promotes the growth of phytoplankton populations. "Growth limitation due to solar irradiance" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where the amount of sunlight reaching a location may be limited) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on solar irradiance.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of chlorophyll a in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Chlorophyll-a is the most commonly occurring form of natural chlorophyll. The chemical formula of chlorophyll-a is C55H72O5N4Mg. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of carbon monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 159Gd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "159Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-159" with a half-life of 7.71e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of hydrogen chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: 1

ocean tracer xy biharmonic diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "xy diffusivity" means the lateral along_coordinate component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. xy diffusivities are used in some ocean models to counteract the numerical instabilities inherent in certain implementations of rotated neutral diffusion. "biharmonic diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a biharmonic diffusion operator.
canonical units: m4 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 105Rh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 1.48e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from grazing
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of chlorine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: mol s-1

atmosphere sigma coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 129I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "129I" is the isotope "iodine-129" with a half-life of 5.81e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of hypochlorous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of troposphere moles of methyl chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of mass fraction of cloud liquid water in air due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: s-1

acoustic index of aggregation in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic index of aggregation is the depth integral of squared volume backscattering coefficient divided by the squared area backscattering coefficient. Volume backscattering coefficient is the linear form of acoustic_volume_backscattering_strength_in_sea_water. Area backscattering coefficient is the integral of the volume backscattering coefficient over a defined distance. The parameter is computed to provide a value that represents the patchiness of biomass in the water column in the field of fisheries acoustics - the value is high when small areas are much denser than the rest of the distribution. The parameter is also the reciprocal of acoustic_equivalent_area_in_sea_water. For further details see Urmy et. al (2012) doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr205 and Woillez et. al (2007) doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm025.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 231Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "231Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-231" with a half-life of 1.19e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

enrichment of 14C in carbon dioxide in air expressed as uppercase delta 14C
type: Standard Name
definition: Isotopic enrichment of 14C, often called d14C or delta14C (lower case delta), is used to calculate the fossil fuel contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide using isotopic ratios of carbon. It is a parameterisation of the 14C/12C isotopic ratio in the sample with respect to the isotopic ratio in a reference standard. It is computed using the formula (((14C/12C)sample / (14C/12C)standard) - 1) * 1000. The quantity called D14C, or Delta14C (upper case delta) is d14C corrected for isotopic fractionation using the 13C/12C ratio as follows: D14C = d14C - 2(dC13 + 25)(1+d14C/1000). If the sample is enriched in 14C relative to the standard, then the data value is positive. Reference: Stuiver, M. and H.A. Polach, 1977, Discussion reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon, Volume 19, No. 3, 355-363, doi: 10.1017/S0033822200003672. The reference standard used in the calculation of delta14C should be specified by attaching a long_name attribute to the data variable. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: 1e-3

mole fraction of dichloromethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for dichloromethane is CH2Cl2. The IUPAC name is dichloromethane.
canonical units: 1

platform pitch
type: Standard Name
definition: Pitch is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. The standard name platform_pitch should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the pitch is known, a standard name of platform_pitch_fore_down or platform_pitch_fore_up should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

mole concentration of hox expressed as hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen: OH and HO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of convective cloud ice in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: 1

platform pitch rate fore up
type: Standard Name
definition: "Pitch rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. "Fore up" indicates that positive values of pitch rate represent the front of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_rate_fore_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

number concentration of nucleation mode ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. Nucleation mode aerosol particles have a diameter of less than 3 nanometers.
canonical units: m-3

mole fraction of ox in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The term "ox" means a combination of three radical species containing 1 or 3 oxygen atoms: O + O1d + O3.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 111mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "111mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-111" with a half-life of 3.39e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of absorption equivalent black carbon of dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The absorption equivalent black carbon mass concentration is obtained by conversion from the particle light absorption coefficient with a suitable mass absorption cross-section. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea ice area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m2

atmosphere y relative vorticity
type: Standard Name
definition: Atmosphere y relative vorticity is the y component of the 3D air vorticity vector. "Relative" in this context means the vorticity of the air relative to the rotating solid earth reference frame, i.e. excluding the Earth's own rotation. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. A positive value of atmosphere_y_relative_vorticity indicates anticlockwise rotation when viewed by an observer looking along the axis in the direction of decreasing y, i.e. consistent with the "right hand screw" rule.
canonical units: s-1

sea surface height above reference ellipsoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above mean sea level is sea_surface_height_above_mean_sea_level.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 217At
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "At" means the element "astatine" and "217At" is the isotope "astatine-217" with a half-life of 3.70e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface net downward shortwave dust ambient aerosol particles direct radiative effect assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

soil mass content of inorganic ammonium expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for the ammonium cation is NH4+. The quantity with standard name soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrogen_expressed_as_nitrogen is the sum of the quantities with standard names soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_ammonium_expressed_as_nitrogen and soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrate_expressed_as_nitrogen.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 102Mo in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "102Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-102" with a half-life of 7.71e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

tidal sea surface height above mean lower low water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean lower low water" is the arithmetic mean of the lower low water height of each tidal day observed at a station over a Tidal Datum Epoch, which is a period of time that is usually greater than 18.6 years to include a full lunar cycle. Tidal datums in certain regions with anomalous sea level changes may be calculated using a shorter, or modified, Tidal Datum Epoch (e.g. 5 years). To specify the tidal datum epoch to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_epoch.
canonical units: m

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic silicon due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic silicon" means the sum of all inorganic silicon in solution (including silicic acid and its first dissociated anion SiO(OH)3-).
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

specific turbulent kinetic energy of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Specific" means per unit mass. "Turbulent kinetic energy" is the kinetic energy of chaotic fluctuations of the fluid flow.
canonical units: m2 s-2

mass concentration of suspended matter in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of hox expressed as hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen: OH and HO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of air temperature due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

atmosphere moles of chlorine dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: mol

number concentration of stratiform cloud liquid water particles at stratiform liquid water cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. The phrase "stratiform_liquid_water_cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest stratiform liquid water cloud. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m-3

northward sea water velocity due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components.
canonical units: m s-1

mole fraction of hfc125 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc125 is CF3CF2H. The IUPAC name for hfc125 is 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of dissolved phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/TPHSDSZZ/6/.
canonical units: mol m-3

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by diatoms
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Diatoms are single-celled phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface downward mass flux of methane due to non wetland soil biological consumption
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Non-wetland soils are all soils except for wetlands. Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The precise conditions under which non-wetland soils produce and consume methane can vary between models.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of frozen water in soil moisture
type: Standard Name
definition: "frozen_water" means ice. "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 243Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "243Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-243" with a half-life of 2.07e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea ice salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea ice salinity is the salt content of sea ice, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: 1e-3

surface radioactivity content of 239Np
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "239Np" is the isotope "neptunium-239" with a half-life of 2.35e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 245Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "245Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-245" with a half-life of 4.16e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt height of product of eastward wind and mass concentration of water vapor in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Eastward vertically-integrated moisture flux per unit length in latitude. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Height is the vertical distance above the surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. The abbreviation "wrt" means "with respect to". The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

number concentration of cloud liquid water particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m-3

radioactivity concentration of 147Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "147Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-147" with a half-life of 8.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 222Rn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "222Rn" is the isotope "radon-222" with a half-life of 3.82e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

square of upward ocean mass transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice. "square_of_X" means X*X.
canonical units: kg2 s-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of ammonia
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: mol s-1

change over time in sea water absolute salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Absolute Salinity, S_A, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). It is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Absolute Salinity incorporates the spatial variations in the composition of sea water. This type of Absolute Salinity is also called "Density Salinity". TEOS-10 estimates Absolute Salinity as the salinity variable that, when used with the TEOS-10 expression for density, yields the correct density of a sea water sample even when the sample is not of Reference Composition. In practice, Absolute Salinity is often calculated from Practical Salinity using a spatial lookup table of pre-defined values of the Absolute Salinity Anomaly. It is recommended that the version of (TEOS-10) software and the associated Absolute Salinity Anomaly climatology be specified within metadata by attaching a comment attribute to the data variable. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: g kg-1

platform orientation
type: Standard Name
definition: Orientation is the clockwise angle with respect to North of the longitudinal (front-to-back) axis of the platform, which may be different to the platform course (which has the standard name platform_course). A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

sea surface swell wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the average height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest.
canonical units: m

toa longwave cloud radiative effect
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Cloud radiative effect is also commonly known as "cloud radiative forcing". It is the difference in radiative flux resulting from the presence of clouds. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. The quantity with standard name toa_longwave_cloud_radiative_effect is the difference between those with standard names toa_outgoing_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky and toa_outgoing_longwave_flux.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content due to parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusive processes include diffusion along neutral directions in the interior of the ocean and horizontal diffusion in the surface boundary layer. The processes occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of sea water temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 222Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "222Ra" is the isotope "radium-222" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 75Ge in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "75Ge" is the isotope "germanium-75" with a half-life of 5.73e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 237Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "237Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-237" with a half-life of 4.56e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of chlorine dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: 1

wind speed shear
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. Wind speed shear is the derivative of wind speed with respect to height.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 235U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "235U" is the isotope "uranium-235" with a half-life of 2.60e+11 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 228Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "228Ac" is the isotope "actinium-228" with a half-life of 2.55e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 222Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "222Ra" is the isotope "radium-222" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

water flux out of sea water due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The water flux out of sea water is the freshwater leaving the sea water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of sea ice mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e. due to melting, sublimation and fusion.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 237Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "237Np" is the isotope "neptunium-237" with a half-life of 7.79e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of hcfc22 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-3

minimum depth of aragonite undersaturation in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'Undersaturation' means that a solution is unsaturated with respect to a solute. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate. The "minimum depth of undersaturation", sometimes called the "saturation horizon", is the shallowest depth at which a body of water is an undersaturated solution of a named solute.
canonical units: m

atmosphere moles of halon1202
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol

surface carbon dioxide abiotic analogue partial pressure difference between sea water and air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The partial pressure difference between sea water and air is positive when the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water is greater than the partial pressure in air.
canonical units: Pa

radioactivity concentration of 99mTc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 2.51e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea ice y transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg s-1

surface radioactivity content of 142La
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "142La" is the isotope "lanthanum-142" with a half-life of 6.42e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water sigma theta difference
type: Standard Name
definition: Sigma-theta of sea water is the potential density (i.e. the density when moved adiabatically to a reference pressure) of water having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 224Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "224Ra" is the isotope "radium-224" with a half-life of 3.65e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 250Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "250Cm" is the isotope "curium-250" with a half-life of 2.52e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere hybrid sigma pressure coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 106Rh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 3.46e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

platform yaw fore starboard
type: Standard Name
definition: Yaw is a rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. "Fore starboard" indicates that positive values of yaw represent the front of the platform moving to the right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_fore_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

radioactivity concentration of 212Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "212Po" is the isotope "polonium-212" with a half-life of 3.52e-12 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavenumber stdev within collocation target
type: Standard Name
definition: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_stdev_within_collocation_target is the standard deviation of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation target. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The "collocation target" is an area on the Earth's surface at which observations from at least two sensors are collected. Its size is defined by the sensor with the largest field-of-view footprint. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 (m-1)-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of methyl chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the entire atmosphere, i.e, summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere dry energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

sea water knudsen salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Knudsen Salinity, S_K, is defined unitless as a mass fraction per mil (0/00) or "parts per thousand", and was calculated from the titration of inorganic salts from a sample of sea water after a commission to study the problem of determining salinity and density was initiated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 1899. S_K was the standard salinity measure until S_C (Cox Salinity) was established in 1967. Since the work of Knudsen (1901), chlorinity is converted into Knudsen Salinity using S_K = 0.030 + 1.805 Cl. This type of salinity was called simply "salinity" from 1901 to 1966. From the 1960s on, electrical conductivity began to be used to estimate the Knudsen Salinity, rather than chemical titration. Knudsen Salinity was replaced by Cox Salinity in 1967 which was in turn replaced by Practical Salinity, S_P, in 1978. Conversion of Knudsen Salinity to Practical Salinity follows S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805). Reference: Knudsen, 1901; Thomas et al., 1934 doi: 10.1093/icesjms/9.1.28; Lyman, 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0928; Wooster et al., 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0437; Lewis, 1980 doi: 10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P, sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_* and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: 1e-3

mass concentration of hox expressed as hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen: OH and HO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 111Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111Pd" is the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of hexachlorobiphenyl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration in leaves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. Plants which photosynthesise are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of the biomass which they respire from inorganic precursors using sunlight for energy.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 226Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "226Ra" is the isotope "radium-226" with a half-life of 5.86e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface drag coefficient for momentum in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 118Cd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "118Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-118" with a half-life of 3.49e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 142La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "142La" is the isotope "lanthanum-142" with a half-life of 6.42e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of carbon dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as calcium in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

ocean meridional overturning mass streamfunction due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

mole fraction of atomic nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical symbol of atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: 1

fraction of time with sea ice area fraction above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: "Fraction of time" is the fraction of a time period defined by the bounds of the time coordinate variable for which a characteristic of interest exists. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. The area threshold value must be specified by supplying a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of sea_ice_area_fraction. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: 1

ocean s coordinate g1
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 132I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "132I" is the isotope "iodine-132" with a half-life of 9.60e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of adenosine triphosphate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ATPXZZDZ/2/.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface upward mass flux of methane due to emission from herbivorous mammals
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Herbivores are animals that feed on vegetation. Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia. Examples of large herbivorous mammals include cows, elks, and buffalos. These animals eat grass, tree bark, aquatic vegetation, and shrubby growth. Herbivores can also be medium-sized animals such as sheep and goats, which eat shrubby vegetation and grasses. Small herbivores include rabbits, chipmunks, squirrels, and mice. The precise conditions under which herbivorous mammals produce and consume methane can vary between models.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 255Es
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "255Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-255" with a half-life of 3.84e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface litter mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. "Surface litter" means the part of the litter resting above the soil surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The sum of the quantities with standard names surface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon has the standard name litter_mass_content_of_carbon.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methyl bromide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

toa outgoing longwave flux assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of sea water conservative temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized dianeutral mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dianeutral mixing" means mixing across surfaces of neutral buoyancy. "Parameterized" means the part due to a scheme representing processes which are not explicitly resolved by the model.
canonical units: W m-2

downwelling spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".
canonical units: W m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to autoconversion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Autoconversion is the process of collision and coalescence which results in the formation of precipitation particles from cloud water droplets or ice crystals.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 118mIn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "118mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 3.05e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of molecular hydrogen due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hypochlorous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 133I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "133I" is the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 8.71e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

model level number
type: Standard Name
definition: Model level number should be understood as equivalent to layer number.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 134I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "134I" is the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 3.61e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 129Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "129Sb" is the isotope "antimony-129" with a half-life of 1.81e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sinking mass flux of particulate inorganic carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Particulate inorganic carbon is carbon bound in molecules ionically that may be liberated from the particles as carbon dioxide by acidification.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

distance from tropical cyclone center to leading edge of displaced convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The great circle distance measured from the tropical cyclone center to the leading edge of displaced convection, which is defined as the closest point that exceeds a threshold brightness temperature at top of atmosphere limit. The threshold applied should be recorded in a coordinate variable having the standard name of toa_brightness_temperature. A coordinate variable with standard name of radiation_wavelength, sensor_band_central_radiation_wavelength, or radiation_frequency may be specified to indicate that the brightness temperature applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 134mCs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 1.21e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

y heat flux in sea water due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole fraction of isoprene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

sunlit binary mask
type: Standard Name
definition: X_binary_mask has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 225Ac
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "225Ac" is the isotope "actinium-225" with a half-life of 1.00e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

minus tendency of ocean mole content of inorganic carbon due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water. "Inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

sea water speed
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hexachlorobiphenyl due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 152Nd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "152Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-152" with a half-life of 7.94e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of dichlorine peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: kg m-3

specific dry energy of air
type: Standard Name
definition: "specific" means per unit mass. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: m2 s-2

predominant precipitation type at surface
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name predominant_precipitation_type_at_surface contains strings which indicate the character of the predominant precipitating hydrometeor at a location or grid cell. These strings have not yet been standardised. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.

sea surface wave stokes drift to direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

radioactivity concentration of 217Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "217Po" is the isotope "polonium-217" with a half-life of 1.16e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 90mY in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 1.33e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 124mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which l…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 212Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "212Po" is the isotope "polonium-212" with a half-life of 3.52e-12 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of hcc140a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 97mNb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface height correction due to air pressure and wind at high frequency
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Air pressure and wind at high frequency" means variations in air pressure with periods shorter than 20 days. These give rise to corresponding variations in sea surface topography. The quantity sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency should be applied by adding it to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_wet_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_dry_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_ionosphere and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 84mBr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "84mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 4.16e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface downward heat flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole fraction of bromine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of propane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

northward ocean heat transport due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: W

atmosphere moles of hcfc142b
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

altimeter range correction due to ionosphere
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. To apply the altimeter range correction it must be added to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. "Correction_due_to_ionosphere" means a correction for the atmosphere's electron content in the ionosphere. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_wet_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_dry_troposphere, sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency.
canonical units: m

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

solid precipitation flux containing 18O
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Solid precipitation refers to the precipitation of water in the solid phase. Water in the atmosphere exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or vapor. The solid phase can exist as snow, hail, graupel, cloud ice, or as a component of aerosol. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "18O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-18".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 125mTe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "125mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-125" with a half-life of 5.81e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

platform sway
type: Standard Name
definition: Sway is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. The standard name platform_sway should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the sway is known, a standard name of platform_sway_starboard or platform_sway_port should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere potential energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: J m-2

mass fraction of cfc113 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere hybrid height coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: m

stratosphere optical thickness due to sulfate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The stratosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the atmosphere layer between the tropopause and stratopause. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

mole content of ozone in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. For the mole content integrated from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, standard names including "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" are used. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. "mole_content_of_ozone_in_atmosphere_layer" is usually measured in Dobson Units which are equivalent to 446.2 micromoles m-2. N.B. Data variables containing column content of ozone can be given the standard name of either equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content or atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone. The latter name is recommended for consistency with mole content names for chemical species other than ozone.
canonical units: mol m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

convective cloud base height
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_base refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Height is the vertical distance above the surface. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

sea ice mass content of ice algae expressed as chlorophyll
type: Standard Name
definition: Sum of chlorophyll from all ice algal group concentrations. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Sea-ice algae (or simply 'ice algae' when the context of sea ice is clear) refer to algae uniquely able to thrive within the sea-ice environment. This distinction from phytoplankton is essential, as several phytoplankton species that become trapped in sea ice eventually perish due to a lack of genetic adaptation or acclimation strategies to survive such conditions. By referring to 'sea-ice algae,' we highlight these algae's specific features and ecological significance within the sea-ice habitat. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere mass content of chlorine nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

moles of ammonium per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of ammonium is NH4. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MDMAP004/3/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

depth of isosurface of sea water potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: This quantity, sometimes called the "isotherm depth", is the depth (if it exists) at which the sea water potential temperature equals some specified value. This value should be specified in a scalar coordinate variable. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.
canonical units: m

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 126Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "126Sn" is the isotope "tin-126" with a half-life of 3.65e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of dinitrogen pentoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: mol m-3

correction for model negative specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: A numerical correction which is added to modelled negative specific humidities in order to obtain a value of zero.
canonical units: 1

surface net downward radiative flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.
canonical units: W m-2

halosteric change in sea surface height
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The halosteric change in sea surface height is the change in height that a water column of standard practical salinity S=35.0 would undergo when its salinity is changed to the observed value. The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height and halosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total steric change in the water column height, which has the standard name of steric_change_in_sea_surface_height.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of pm10 potassium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the potassium cation is K+.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere moles of hydrogen chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: mol

mass fraction of methyl bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface sea water x velocity due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, and the rotation of the Earth. This rise in water level is accompanied by a horizontal movement of water called the tidal current.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of organic carbon in pm2p5 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. Chemically, "organic carbon aerosol" refers to the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter contained in any of the vast number of compounds where carbon is chemically combined with hydrogen and other elements like O, S, N, P, Cl, etc. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, organic carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of carbon monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 147Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "147Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-147" with a half-life of 1.10e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

ocean kinetic energy dissipation per unit area due to vertical friction
type: Standard Name
definition: Friction, leading to the dissipation of kinetic energy, arises in ocean models as a result of the viscosity of sea water. Generally, the lateral (xy) viscosity is given a large value to maintain the numerical stability of the model. In contrast, the vertical viscosity is usually much smaller. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W m-2

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dry aerosol particles at standard temperature and pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 130Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "130Sn" is the isotope "tin-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of bromine chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of carbon tetrachloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

ocean barotropic mass streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: The barotropic stream function with the dimensions of volume transport has the standard name ocean_barotropic_streamfunction.
canonical units: kg s-1

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

lagrangian tendency of atmosphere sigma coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of sigma plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when the atmosphere sigma coordinate (a dimensionless atmosphere vertical coordinate) is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of sigma; downwards is positive. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: s-1

mole fraction of aceto nitrile in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for acetonitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for acetonitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to descr…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 242m2Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242m2Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 1.62e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

log10 size interval based number size distribution of aerosol particles at stp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The aerosol particle number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter, aerodynamic_particle_diameter, or optical_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific particle sizes selected by the indicated method. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. "log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).
canonical units: m-3

received power of radio wave in air scattered by air
type: Standard Name
definition: Power of a radio wave, that was transmitted by an instrument and propagates in the air where it's scattered by the air due to which its properties change, and it is received again by an instrument. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities in the air). A standard name referring to the received power of the signal at the instrument.
canonical units: W

surface radioactivity content of 111mAg
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "111mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 8.56e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of cfc113 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of mesozooplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where Xis a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Mesozooplankton are zooplankton ranging between 20 micrometers and 200 micrometers in size.
canonical units: mol m-3

dew point temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

soil porosity
type: Standard Name
definition: The soil porosity is the proportion of its total volume not occupied by soil solids.
canonical units: 1

precipitation flux containing 17O
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "17O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-17".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 162Gd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "162Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-162" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 138Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "138Xe" is the isotope "xenon-138" with a half-life of 9.84e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of nitrogen dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of pm2p5 particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 155Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "155Sm" is the isotope "samarium-155" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ocean vertical tracer diffusivity due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of the diffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components.
canonical units: m2 s-1

virtual salt flux into sea water due to newtonian relaxation
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_newtonian_relaxation is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_newtonian_relaxation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 132Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "132Te" is the isotope "tellurium-132" with a half-life of 3.25e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 24Na in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Na" means the element "sodium" and "24Na" is the isotope "sodium-24" with a half-life of 6.27e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere optical thickness due to pm10 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

density ratio of dry soil to water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Also known as specific gravity, where soil represents a dry soil sample. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of limonene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 146Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "146Ce" is the isotope "cerium-146" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface wind wave directional spread
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the wind wave component of a sea. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere mass content of oxidized nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition. "Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of pm10 magnesium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the magnesium dication is Mg(2+).
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere lifting condensation level
type: Standard Name
definition: The lifting condensation level is the height at which the relative humidity of an air parcel cooled by dry adiabatic lifting would reach 100%. A coordinate variable of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the starting height of the lifted parcel.
canonical units: m

rainfall rate
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m s-1

northward sea water velocity due to parameterized mesoscale eddies
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddies occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddies are represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme.
canonical units: m s-1

toa outgoing longwave flux assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: W m-2

platform yaw
type: Standard Name
definition: Yaw is a rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. The standard name platform_yaw should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the yaw is known, a standard name of platform_yaw_fore_starboard or platform_yaw_fore_port should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere mass content of terpenes due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than on equal to one. The term "terpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual terpene species, e.g., isoprene and limonene. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel o…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform speed wrt air
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. The abbreviation "wrt" means with respect to. The platform speed with respect to air is often called the "air speed" of the platform. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of carbon in pm10 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Chemically, "carbon" is the total sum of elemental, organic, and inorganic carbon. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, inorganic carbon is neglected and its mass is assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of ammonium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Mass_fraction_of_ammonium" means that the mass is expressed as mass of NH4. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 236U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "236U" is the isotope "uranium-236" with a half-life of 8.73e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of terpenes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than on equal to one. The term "terpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual terpene species, e.g., isoprene and limonene.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 230U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "230U" is the isotope "uranium-230" with a half-life of 2.08e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

change over time in surface snow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of specific humidity due to stratiform precipitation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of organic carbon due to runoff and sediment dissolution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface frozen carbon dioxide amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Frozen carbon dioxide is found on the surface of Mars.
canonical units: kg m-2

upwelling longwave radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

surface radioactivity content of 131Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "131Sb" is the isotope "antimony-131" with a half-life of 1.60e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 115mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "115mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.97e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of hfc236fa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc236fa is C3H2F6. The IUPAC name for hfc236fa is 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane.
canonical units: 1

ocean mixed layer thickness defined by temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_temperature_difference can be used to specify the temperature criterion that determines the layer thickness. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

surface upwelling radiance per unit wavelength in air reflected by sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 211Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "211Pb" is the isotope "lead-211" with a half-life of 2.51e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of volcanic ash
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Volcanic_ash" means the fine-grained products of explosive volcanic eruptions, such as minerals or crystals, older fragmented rock (e.g. andesite), and glass. Particles within a volcanic ash cloud have diameters less than 2 mm. "Volcanic_ash" does not include non-volcanic dust.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of bromine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 224Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "224Ra" is the isotope "radium-224" with a half-life of 3.65e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea surface wind wave energy at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the wind wave component of a sea. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave energy, describes the maximum value of the wave_variance_spectral_density within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: m2 s

thickness of stratiform snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]snowfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of snow which fell i.e. the thickness of the layer of snow at its own density. There are corresponding standard names for liquid water equivalent (lwe) thickness. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.
canonical units: m

tendency of troposphere moles of molecular hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of sea water salinity due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used…
canonical units: 1e-3 s-1

atmosphere moles of dinitrogen pentoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: mol

single scattering albedo in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Single scattering albedo" is the fraction of radiation in an incident light beam scattered by the particles of an aerosol reference volume for a given wavelength. It is the ratio of the scattering and the extinction coefficients of the aerosol particles in the reference volume. A coordinate variable with a standard name of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency should be included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon accumulated in stems
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The stem of a plant is the axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots. Its function is to carry water and nutrients. Examples include the stalk of a plant or the main trunk of a tree.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

toa brightness temperature bias at standard scene due to intercalibration
type: Standard Name
definition: toa_brightness_temperature_bias_at_standard_scene_due_to_intercalibration is the difference between top-of-atmosphere (TOA) brightness temperature of the reference sensor and TOA brightness temperature of the monitored sensor. This TOA brightness temperature difference is a measure of the calibration difference between the monitored and reference sensors. The standard scene is a target area with typical Earth surface and atmospheric conditions that is accepted as a reference. Brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area at a given wavenumber. TOA brightness temperature of the standard scene is calculated using a radiative transfer simulation for a given viewing geometry. The resultant top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance is then integrated with each sensor's spectral response function and converted to equivalent brightness temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 211Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "211Po" is the isotope "polonium-211" with a half-life of 6.03e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of hox expressed as hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen: OH and HO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 144mPr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 4.98e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature."
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 236Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236Np" is the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 9.17e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

downwelling photosynthetic radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole fraction of cfc114 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

isotope ratio of 17O to 16O in sea water excluding solutes and solids
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. The phrase "isotope_ratio" is used in the construction isotope_ratio_of_A_to_B where A and B are both named isotopes. It means the ratio of the number of atoms of A to the number of atoms of B present within a medium. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "17O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-17". "16O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-16". The phrase "in_sea_water_excluding_solutes_and_solids" means that the standard name refers only to the chemical compound water and does not include material that may be dissolved or suspended in the aqueous medium.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 240Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240Np" is the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 4.38e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of hexachlorobiphenyl
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of air temperature due to radiative heating
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 239Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "239Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-239" with a half-life of 8.91e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume fraction of clay in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 90Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "90Sr" is the isotope "strontium-90" with a half-life of 1.02e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 240mNp
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 5.08e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of hydroxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of secondary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean mixed layer thickness defined by sigma theta
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_sigma_theta_difference can be used to specify the sigma_theta criterion that determines the layer thickness. Sigma-theta of sea water is the potential density (i.e. the density when moved adiabatically to a reference pressure) of water having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

land ice runoff flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. Runoff flux over land ice is the difference between any available liquid water in the snowpack due to rainfall and melting minus any refreezing and liquid water retained in the snowpack. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass flux of carbon into sea water from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of beta pinene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: kg m-2

troposphere mole content of iodine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for iodine_monoxide is IO.
canonical units: mol m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of limonene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of dinitrogen pentoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 224Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "224Ra" is the isotope "radium-224" with a half-life of 3.65e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

toa brightness temperature of standard scene
type: Standard Name
definition: "toa" means top of atmosphere. The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area at a given wavenumber. The standard scene is a target area with typical Earth surface and atmospheric conditions that is accepted as a reference. The toa radiance of the standard scene is calculated using a radiative transfer model for a given viewing geometry. The resultant toa spectral radiance is then integrated with a sensor's spectral response function and converted to equivalent brightness temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized submesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, mak…
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 244Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "244Am" is the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 4.20e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of biological taxon expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Mass concentration of biota expressed as nitrogen is also referred to as "nitrogen biomass". "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: kg m-3

direction of sea ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. A velocity is a vector quantity. Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere moles of atomic nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: mol s-1

product of northward sea water velocity and salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_co…
canonical units: m s-1

sea surface primary swell wave directional spread
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the primary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave. Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

surface radioactivity content of 211Pb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "211Pb" is the isotope "lead-211" with a half-life of 2.51e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of nitrate radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface upward mass flux of carbon due to heterotrophic respiration in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on within both the soil and litter pools.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

eastward derivative of wind from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name eastward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction is the derivative of wind from_direction with respect to the change in eastward lateral position for a given atmospheric level. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing ("wind_from_direction") (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing ("wind_to_direction") (eastward, southward, etc.). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: degree m-1

land cover lccs
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of land_cover_lccs contains strings which indicate the nature of the surface, e.g. cropland_..., tree_... . Each string should represent a land cover class constructed using the Land Cover Classification System (LCCS; Di Gregorio A., 2005, UN Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) - Classification concepts and user manual for Software version 2; available at www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X0596E/X0596e00.htm). String values should represent the classifiers used to define each class.

sea surface mean square upwave slope direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum. The phrase "upwave_slope_direction" is used to assign a primary directional axis along which wave energy associated with the slope calculation is travelling; "upwave" is equivalent to "from_direction" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: degree

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration in roots
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. Plants which photosynthesise are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of the biomass which they respire from inorganic precursors using sunlight for energy.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 156Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "156Sm" is the isotope "samarium-156" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of potential energy content of atmosphere layer due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of phosphorus in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

downwelling radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface albedo assuming deep snow
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: 1

sea ice temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea ice temperature is the bulk temperature of the sea ice, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mass concentration of hydrogen bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole fraction of hcfc133a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC133a is CH2ClCF3. The IUPAC name for HCFC133a is 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 95Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95Nb" is the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of ethanol
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: mol s-1

atmosphere moles of methyl bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: mol

mass fraction of shallow convective cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Shallow convective cloud is nonprecipitating cumulus cloud with a cloud top below 3000m above the surface produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Some atmosphere models differentiate between shallow and deep convection. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: 1

toa instantaneous longwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 101Tc
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "101Tc" is the isotope "technetium-101" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of sea ice thickness due to dynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to the motion of sea ice.
canonical units: m s-1

surface net downward longwave dust ambient aerosol particles direct radiative effect assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. "X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 144Ce
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "144Ce" is the isotope "cerium-144" with a half-life of 2.84e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of cfc11
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass concentration of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 237Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "237Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-237" with a half-life of 4.56e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of peroxyacetyl nitrate due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl_nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

product of upward air velocity and air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 245Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "245Am" is the isotope "americium-245" with a half-life of 8.75e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea surface wave stokes drift x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.
canonical units: m s-1

mole concentration of dissolved organic carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen' or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

salt flux into sea water due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of ice mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. The quantity with standard name salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_sea_ice_thermodynamics is negative during ice growth when salt becomes embedded into the ice and positive during ice melting when salt is released into the ocean. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 226Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "226Th" is the isotope "thorium-226" with a half-life of 2.15e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sensor band central radiation wavenumber
type: Standard Name
definition: sensor_band_central_radiation_wavenumber is the central wavenumber of a sensor's band, calculated as the first moment of the band's normalized spectral response function.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere moles of cfc11
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of peroxynitric acid due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of sea water conservative temperature expressed as heat content due to residual mean advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "residual_mean_advection" refers to the sum of the model's resolved advective transport plus any parameterized advective transport. Parameterized advective transport includes processes such as parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale transport, as well as any other advectively parameterized transport. When the parameterized advective transport is represented i…
canonical units: W m-2

toa net downward longwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methanol due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of inorganic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. "Inorganic chlorine",sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of chlorine-containing source gases (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea-salt and other aerosols. mole_fraction_of_inorganic_chlorine is the sum of all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model.
canonical units: 1

fast soil pool mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. "Fast soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of less than ten years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 249Bk
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "249Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-249" with a half-life of 3.15e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 150Pm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "150Pm" is the isotope "promethium-150" with a half-life of 1.12e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of specific humidity due to model physics
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: s-1

surface water evaporation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). The quantity with standard name surface_water_evaporation_flux does not include transpiration from vegetation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of sulfur dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized dianeutral mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dianeutral mixing" means mixing across surfaces of neutral buoyancy. "Parameterized" means the part due to a scheme representing processes which are not explicitly resolved by the model.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of mercury dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

diffuse downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of flagellates expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Flagellates" are a class of single celled organisms that use a flagellum (whip-like structure) for feeding and locomotion. Some flagellates can photosynthesize and others feed on bacteria, with a few flagellates capable of both.
canonical units: kg m-3

northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-1

rainfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of chlorine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 242Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242Am" is the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 6.69e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 99Mo in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "99Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-99" with a half-life of 2.78e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 144Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "144Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-144" with a half-life of 7.64e+17 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of inorganic carbon due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

upward eastward momentum flux in air due to nonorographic westward gravity waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward momentum flux is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The upward eastward momentum flux due to orographic gravity waves has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_orographic_gravity_waves. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to nonorographic gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to eastward and westward propagating waves. The former has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_eastward _gravity_waves.
canonical units: Pa

sea surface density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface density is the density of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any).
canonical units: kg m-3

diameter of ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 238Np
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "238Np" is the isotope "neptunium-238" with a half-life of 2.10e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface diffuse shortwave hemispherical reflectance
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Hemispherical reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. This term gives the fraction of the surface_diffuse_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air which is reflected. If the diffuse radiation is isotropic, this term is equivalent to the integral of surface_bidirectional_reflectance over all incident angles and over all outgoing angles in the hemisphere above the surface. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation. Shortwave hemispherical reflectance is related to albedo, but albedo is defined in terms of the fraction of the full spectrum of incident solar radiation which is reflected. It is related to the hemispherical reflectance averaged over all wavelengths using a weighting proportional to the incident radiative flux.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of methanol
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: mol s-1

mole fraction of hox expressed as hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen: OH and HO2.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of pm10 ammonium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 210Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "210Po" is the isotope "polonium-210" with a half-life of 1.38e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere stability showalter index
type: Standard Name
definition: The atmosphere_stability_showalter_index is an index used to determine convective and thunderstorm potential and is often referred to as simply the showalter index. The index is defined as the temperature difference between a parcel of air lifted from 850 to 500 hPa (wet adiabatically) and the ambient air temperature at 500 hPa. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 242m1Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242m1Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 5.53e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to homogeneous nucleation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Homogeneous nucleation occurs when a small number of water molecules combine to form a freezing or condensation nucleus.
canonical units: s-1

height above sea floor
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m

model level number at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name model_level_number_at_sea_floor is the depth of the ocean expressed in model levels. This could be a non-integer value because some ocean models use partial cells close to the sea floor. For example, if this field were 23.4 at some location, it would mean the water column at that point comprised 23 full model levels plus 40% occupancy of the lowest (24th) gridcell.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of ethene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 209Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "209Pb" is the isotope "lead-209" with a half-life of 1.38e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 238Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "238Np" is the isotope "neptunium-238" with a half-life of 2.10e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 140La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "140La" is the isotope "lanthanum-140" with a half-life of 1.76e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of gaseous elemental mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 234Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 2.81e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface skin temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The sea surface skin temperature is the temperature measured by an infrared radiometer typically operating at wavelengths in the range 3.7 - 12 micrometers. It represents the temperature within the conductive diffusion-dominated sub-layer at a depth of approximately 10 - 20 micrometers below the air-sea interface. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle including cool skin layer effects (especially at night under clear skies and low wind speed conditions) and warm layer effects in the daytime. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 144Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "144Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-144" with a half-life of 7.64e+17 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 135mBa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "135mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-135" with a half-life of 1.20e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of atomic bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 95Y
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "95Y" is the isotope "yttrium-95" with a half-life of 7.29e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

downward x stress at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. A downward x stress is a downward flux of momentum towards the positive direction of the model's x-axis. The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present.
canonical units: Pa

surface snow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of chlorine dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt depth of sea water practical salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. "wrt" means with respect to. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of iron in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Iron means iron in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total iron". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

product of eastward wind and lagrangian tendency of air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa m s-2

toa net upward longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere moles of dichlorine peroxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: mol

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 90Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90Y" is the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 2.67e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas in…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

flood water duration above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name flood_water_duration_above_threshold is the time elapsed between the instant when the flood depth first rises above a given threshold until the time falls below the same threshold for the last time at a given point in space. If a threshold is supplied, it should be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of flood_water_thickness. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable. If no threshold is specified, its value is taken to be zero. Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: s

atmosphere mass content of toluene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea surface secondary swell wave directional spread
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the secondary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 155Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "155Sm" is the isotope "samarium-155" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of diatoms expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated in terms of B alone, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Diatoms are phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

global average steric sea level change
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average steric sea level change is caused by changes in sea water density due to changes in temperature (thermosteric) and salinity (halosteric). This in turn results in a change in volume of the world ocean. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level.
canonical units: m

x wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 210Tl
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "210Tl" is the isotope "thallium-210" with a half-life of 9.02e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 152Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "152Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-152" with a half-life of 7.94e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

water volume transport in river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: The water flux or volume transport in rivers is the amount of water flowing in the river channel and flood plain. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: m3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 147Pr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "147Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-147" with a half-life of 8.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 135Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135Xe" is the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 3.82e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes.
canonical units: kg m-3

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of ocean mole content of inorganic carbon due to runoff and sediment dissolution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to all land processes excluding fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of nitrogen monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: mol

mole fraction of hfc23 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc23 is CF3H. The IUPAC name for hfc23 is trifluoromethane.
canonical units: 1

sinking mole flux of particulate organic phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mass fraction of sea salt dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of surface downward eastward stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The abbreviation "wrt" means "with respect to". The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward.
canonical units: Pa s

tendency of middle atmosphere moles of methyl bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methyl bromide is CH3Br.
canonical units: mol s-1

water flux into sea water from land ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The water flux into sea water from land ice is the freshwater entering the ocean as a result of runoff from the surface and base of the ice and melting from the ice shelf base and vertical ice front. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of the ocean portion only.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in sea water due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. "Inorganic nitrogen" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

platform view angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Platform view angle is the angle between the line of sight from the platform and the direction straight vertically down. Zero view angle means looking directly beneath the platform. There is no standardized sign convention for platform_view_angle. A standard name also exists for sensor_view_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated view angle. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

surface radioactivity content of 130Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130Sb" is the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of halon1301
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass concentration of alkanes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e. they do not contain any chemical double bonds. Alkanes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n+2); "alkanes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkane species, e.g., methane and ethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

northward atmosphere water vapor transport across unit distance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 133I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "133I" is the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 8.71e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 254Cf
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "254Cf" is the isotope "californium-254" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to melting to rain
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 137Xe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "137Xe" is the isotope "xenon-137" with a half-life of 2.71e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

model level number at convective cloud base
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_base refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Model level number should be understood as equivalent to layer number. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: 1

temperature difference between ambient air and air lifted adiabatically
type: Standard Name
definition: This quantity is defined as the temperature difference between a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from a starting air pressure to a finishing air pressure in the troposphere and the ambient air temperature at the finishing air pressure in the troposphere. It is often called the lifted index (LI) and provides a measure of the instability of the atmosphere. The air parcel is "lifted" by moving the air parcel from the starting air pressure to the Lifting Condensation Level (dry adiabatically) and then from the Lifting Condensation Level to the finishing air pressure (wet adiabatically). Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air. Coordinate variables of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel and final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the specific air pressures at which the parcel lifting starts (starting air pressure) and the temperature difference is calculated at (finishing air pressure), respectively. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic 13C in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 145Pr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "145Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-145" with a half-life of 2.49e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 123Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "123Sn" is the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 1.29e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

effective radius of cloud condensed water particles at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals,is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: m

convective precipitation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: kg m-2

nudging increment in mass content of water in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: A "nudging increment" refers to an amount added to parts of a model system. The phrase "nudging_increment_in_X" refers to an increment in quantity X over a time period which should be defined in the bounds of the time coordinate. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. The mass content of water in soil refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to turbulent deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tropopause air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere moles of dinitrogen pentoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 232U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "232U" is the isotope "uranium-232" with a half-life of 2.63e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

toa outgoing shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass content of nitrogen in vegetation and litter and soil and forestry and agricultural products
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

soil pool
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of soil_pool contains strings which indicate the character of the soil pool classified according to the decay rate of the organic carbon material it contains. These strings have not yet been standardised.

floating ice shelf area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. A "floating ice shelf", sometimes called a "floating ice sheet", indicates where an ice sheet extending from a land area flows over sea water.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere kinetic energy content due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 234Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 2.81e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 93Zr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "93Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-93" with a half-life of 3.47e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of northward wind due to nonorographic gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Nonorographic" gravity waves refer to gravity waves which are not generated by flow over orography. The quantity with standard name tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the total tendency of the northward wind due to gravity waves. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have the standard names tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively.
canonical units: m s-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 126mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

geostrophic northward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars.
canonical units: m s-1

sound pressure in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound pressure is the difference from the local ambient pressure caused by a sound wave at a particular location and time.
canonical units: Pa

age of stratospheric air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Age of stratospheric air" means an estimate of the time since a parcel of stratospheric air was last in contact with the troposphere.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of sulfate ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of carbon tetrachloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2

land surface liquid water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The quantity with standard name land_surface_liquid_water_amount includes water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs and liquid precipitation intercepted by the vegetation canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere mass content of isoprene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 227Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "227Ra" is the isotope "radium-227" with a half-life of 2.87e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of northward wind due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

surface roughness length for momentum in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The height above the displacement plane at which the mean wind becomes zero when extrapolating the logarithmic wind speed profile downward through the surface layer. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of nitrogen monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 206Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "206Tl" is the isotope "thallium-206" with a half-life of 2.91e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere moles of methanol
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 156Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "156Eu" is the isotope "europium-156" with a half-life of 1.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of isoprene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

global average thermosteric sea level change
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average thermosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in density due to change in temperature i.e. thermal expansion. This in turn results in a change in volume of the world ocean. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level.
canonical units: m

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming clear sky and no aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

mole fraction of molecular hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic phosphorus
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic phosphorus" means the sum of all inorganic phosphorus in solution (including phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid).
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

number of missing observations
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of number_of_missing_observations contains the number of discrete observations or measurements that were not available to derive the values of another data variable. The linkage between the data variable and the variable with a standard_name of number_of_missing_observations is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute.
canonical units: 1

zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Zenith angle is the angle to the local vertical; a value of zero is directly overhead.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 126mSb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

upwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of alpha pinene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 113mIn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "113mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-113" with a half-life of 6.92e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of brox expressed as bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of oxidized nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Deposition of nitrogen into the ocean is the sum of dry and wet deposition of the considered species onto the ocean surface from the atmosphere. "Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

volume fraction of oxygen in sea floor sediment pore water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed. "Water" means water in all phases.

tendency of northward wind due to gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The quantity with standard name tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the total tendency of the northward wind due to gravity waves. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have the standard names tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively.
canonical units: m s-2

temperature at top of ice sheet model
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name temperature_at_top_of_ice_sheet_model is the upper boundary temperature that is used to force ice sheet models. It is the temperature at the interface between the ice sheet and the overlying medium which may be snow or the atmosphere. In all instances the temperature is that of the interface itself and not that of the medium above or below the interface. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 134Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "134Te" is the isotope "tellurium-134" with a half-life of 2.92e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of global average sea level change
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level.
canonical units: m year-1

fugacity of carbon dioxide in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The fugacity is the measured pressure (or partial pressure) of a real gas corrected for the intermolecular forces of that gas, which allows that corrected quantity to be treated like the pressure of an ideal gas in the ideal gas equation PV = nRT. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: Pa

surface radioactivity content of 124mSb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface wave mean square x slope
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum. The phrase "x_slope" indicates that slope values are derived from vector components along the grid x-axis.
canonical units: 1

land ice area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: 1

ocean salt y transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Salt transport refers to the mass of salt being transported.
canonical units: 1e-3 kg s-1

vegetation mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 84Br
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "84Br" is the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 2.21e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol

sea water cox salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Cox Salinity, S_C, is defined unitless as a mass fraction per mil (0/00) or "parts per thousand". S_C was the standard salinity measure from 1967 until Practical Salinity, S_P, was established with PSS-78 (1978). Chlorinity, Cl, is calculated from the conductivity of a sea water sample and since the work of the Joint Panel for Oceanographic Tables and Standards (JPOTS; 1966) is converted into Cox Salinity using S_C = 1.80655Cl. This type of salinity was called simply "salinity" from 1967 to 1978. Cox Salinity was replaced by Practical Salinity in 1978. Cox Salinity is converted to Practical Salinity following S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of this is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS-78). Reference: Cox et al., 1967 doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(67)90006-X; Lyman, 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0928; Wooster et al., 1969 doi: 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0437. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P, sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_* and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: 1e-3

sea surface height amplitude due to pole tide
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are a significant contributor to the observed sea surface height; the pole tide occurs due to variations in the earth's rotation.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of acetone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Acetone is an organic molecule with the chemical formula CH3CH3CO. The IUPAC name for acetone is propan-2-one. Acetone is a member of the group of organic compounds known as ketones. There are standard names for the ketone group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

tendency of sea ice amount due to conversion of snow to sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Conversion of snow to sea ice" occurs when the mass of snow accumulated on an area of sea ice is sufficient to cause the ice to become mostly submerged. Waves can then wash over the ice and snow surface and freeze into a layer that becomes "snow ice".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of reduced nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition. "Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 223Fr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "223Fr" is the isotope "francium-223" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 206Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "206Tl" is the isotope "thallium-206" with a half-life of 2.91e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

omnidirectional spherical irradiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Omnidirectional spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a spherical (or "4-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". Radiation incident on a 2-pi collector has standard names of "spherical irradiance" which specify up/downwelling. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of aceto nitrile due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of carbon in pm2p5 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. Chemically, "carbon" is the total sum of elemental, organic, and inorganic carbon. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, inorganic carbon is neglected and its mass is assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface carbon dioxide natural analogue partial pressure difference between sea water and air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The partial pressure difference between sea water and air is positive when the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water is greater than the partial pressure in air.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of ocean eddy kinetic energy content due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of propane
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 115Cd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 2.23e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 242m1Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242m1Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 5.53e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

litter mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The sum of the quantities with standard names surface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen has the standard name litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen.
canonical units: kg m-2

sinking mass flux of particulate phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of ocean potential energy content due to background
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.) "Due to background" means caused by a time invariant imposed field which may be either constant over the globe or spatially varying, depending on the ocean model used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

attenuated signal test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Attenuated Signal test, which checks for near-flat-line conditions using a range or standard deviation. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

ocean vertical salt diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical salt diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of salt due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 82mBr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "82mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 4.24e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface wave maximum period
type: Standard Name
definition: The maximum wave period is the longest wave period measured during the observation period. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level.
canonical units: s

surface downward mole flux of molecular oxygen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to diabatic processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

radioactivity concentration of 217At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "217At" is the isotope "astatine-217" with a half-life of 3.70e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

toa outgoing longwave flux assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

product of northward wind and geopotential height
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m2 s-1

water flux into sea water due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of specific humidity due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: s-1

toa shortwave cloud radiative effect
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Cloud radiative effect is also commonly known as "cloud radiative forcing". It is the difference in radiative flux resulting from the presence of clouds. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system. The quantity with standard name toa_shortwave_cloud_radiative_effect is the difference between those with standard names toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux and toa_net_downward_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky.
canonical units: W m-2

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to condensation and evaporation
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 129mXe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "129mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-129" with a half-life of 8.02e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of mass fraction of cloud ice in air due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of dichlorine peroxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: mol s-1

sound pressure in water
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound pressure is the difference from the local ambient pressure caused by a sound wave at a particular location and time.
canonical units: Pa

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 136Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "136Cs" is the isotope "cesium-136" with a half-life of 1.30e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 244Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "244Am" is the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 4.20e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downwelling photosynthetic photon radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

surface downward mole flux of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The standard name surface_upward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide should be used to label data in which the flux is positive when directed upward. The standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" is deprecated because it does not specify in which direction the flux is positive. Any data having the standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" should be examined carefully to determine which sign convention was used.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

radial velocity of scatterers away from instrument
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Radial velocity away from instrument" means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement away from the instrument (i.e. outward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities), of whatever kind the instrument detects. A standard name referring to radial velocity "toward_instrument" should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: m s-1

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by diazotrophic phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

proportion of acceptable signal returns from acoustic instrument in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "proportion_of_acceptable_signal_returns" means the fraction of a collection (ensemble) of returned signal transmissions that have passed a set of automatic quality control criteria. For an ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) the rejection criteria include low correlation, large error velocity and fish detection. The dimensionless proportion is often but not exclusively expressed as a percentage, when it is referred to as "percent good".
canonical units: 1

atmosphere moles of nitrogen dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of nitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: mol m-3

area fraction of day defined by solar zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. A coordinate variable of solar_zenith_angle indicating the day extent should be specified. Solar zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local vertical.
canonical units: 1

log10 size interval based number size distribution of cloud condensation nuclei at stp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The cloud condensation nuclei number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter, where the particle acts as condensation nucleus for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific mobility particle sizes. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology. "log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).
canonical units: m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 145Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "145Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-145" with a half-life of 2.49e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mass concentration of nickel in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Nickel means nickel in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total nickel". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of organic detritus expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Organic detritus are particles of debris from decaying plants and animals.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to icefall
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 214Pb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "214Pb" is the isotope "lead-214" with a half-life of 1.86e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of cfc113 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

air pressure at top of atmosphere model
type: Standard Name
definition: "Top of atmosphere model" means the upper boundary of the top layer of an atmosphere model. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

iron growth limitation of calcareous phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Iron growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of iron) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on iron availability.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 218At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "218At" is the isotope "astatine-218" with a half-life of 2.31e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 233U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "233U" is the isotope "uranium-233" with a half-life of 5.90e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

minus one times surface upwelling longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

ocean vertical momentum diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical momentum diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of momentum due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

tendency of land ice thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer..
canonical units: m s-1

gross rate of decrease in area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: The "gross rate of decrease in area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell that transitions from a given area type per unit time, for example, as a result of land use changes. The quantity described by this standard name is a gross decrease because it includes only land where the use transitions away from the given area type and excludes land that transitions to that area type during the same period. The area type should be specified using a coordinate of scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. There is also a standard name for gross_rate_of_increase_in_area_fraction. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of limonene
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

mole ratio of nitrate to phosphate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole ratio" is used in the construction "mole_ratio_of_X_to_Y_in_medium", where X and Y are both material constituents of the medium. "Medium" can take any of the values given in the "medium" section of the standard name Guidelines document. The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-. The chemical formula of the phosphate anion is PO4 with a charge of minus three.
canonical units: 1

direct downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

lwe water evaporation rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".)
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of specific humidity due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: s-1

sea ice transport across line
type: Standard Name
definition: Transport across_line means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg s-1

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content due to parameterized dianeutral mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dianeutral mixing" means mixing across surfaces of neutral buoyancy. "Parameterized" means the part due to a scheme representing processes which are not explicitly resolved by the model.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume extinction angstrom exponent in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume extinction Angstrom exponent is the Angstrom exponent obtained for the aerosol extinction instead that for the aerosol optical thickness. It is alpha in the following equation relating aerosol extinction (ext) at the wavelength lambda to aerosol extinction at a different wavelength lambda0: ext(lambda) = ext(lambda0) * [lambda/lambda0] ** (-1 * alpha). "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

lwe thickness of moisture content of soil layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).
canonical units: m

atmosphere moles of ammonia
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of xylene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

eastward mass flux of air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hydrogen cyanide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hydrogen peroxide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

root mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea water salinity at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: The salinity at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements. Sea water salinity is the salt concentration of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. Practical salinity units are dimensionless.…
canonical units: 1e-3

radioactivity concentration of 132Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "132Te" is the isotope "tellurium-132" with a half-life of 3.25e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

planetary albedo
type: Standard Name
definition: Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum.
canonical units: 1

soil frozen water content
type: Standard Name
definition: "frozen_water" means ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

temperature difference between ambient air and air lifted adiabatically from the surface
type: Standard Name
definition: This quantity is defined as the temperature difference between a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from the surface to a finishing air pressure in the troposphere and the ambient air temperature at the finishing air pressure in the troposphere. It is often called the lifted index (LI) and provides a measure of the instability of the atmosphere. The air parcel is "lifted" by moving the air parcel from the surface to the Lifting Condensation Level (dry adiabatically) and then from the Lifting Condensation Level to the finishing air pressure (wet adiabatically). Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The term "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A coordinate variable of final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the specific air pressure that the temperature difference is calculated at. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of surface snow amount due to sea ice dynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name tendency_of_surface_snow_amount_due_to_sea_ice_dynamics is the rate of change of snow amount caused by advection of the sea ice upon which the snow is lying. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

soil mass content of inorganic nitrogen expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in soil, usually consists of nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. The quantity with standard name soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrogen_expressed_as_nitrogen is the sum of the quantities with standard names soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_ammonium_expressed_as_nitrogen and soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrate_expressed_as_nitrogen.
canonical units: kg m-2

downward eastward stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: Pa

nitrogen growth limitation of miscellaneous phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. "Nitrogen growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of nitrogen) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on nitrogen availability.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of water in ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Water" means water in all phases. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: kg m-2

downward x stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: Pa

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to heterotrophic respiration
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on both above and within the soil.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

net rate of absorption of shortwave energy in ocean layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface wave yy radiation stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface wave radiation stress" describes the excess momentum flux caused by sea surface waves. Radiation stresses behave as a second-order tensor. "yy" indicates the component of the tensor along the grid y_ axis.
canonical units: Pa

surface radioactivity content of 131I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "131I" is the isotope "iodine-131" with a half-life of 8.07e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downwelling photon flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

volume fraction of condensed water in soil at field capacity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. The field capacity of soil is the maximum content of water it can retain against gravitational drainage.
canonical units: 1

tendency of surface snow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to sublimation of surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 111Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111Pd" is the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

land ice specific mass flux due to calving and ice front melting
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Specific mass flux due to calving and ice front melting" means the change in land ice mass per unit area resulting from iceberg calving and melting on the vertical ice front. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land ice y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: m s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". Diatoms are single-celled phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of formic acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of sea ice area fraction due to dynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to the motion of sea ice.
canonical units: s-1

growth limitation of diazotrophic phytoplankton due to solar irradiance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Growth limitation due to solar irradiance" means the ratio of the growth rate of a biological population in the environment (where the amount of sunlight reaching a location may be limited) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on solar irradiance. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. Solar irradiance is essential to the photosynthesis reaction and its presence promotes the growth of phytoplankton populations. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of sulfate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 77As in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "As" means the element "arsenic" and "77As" is the isotope "arsenic-77" with a half-life of 1.62e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of 19 hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin is C48H68O8. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/HEXAXXXX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 248Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "248Cm" is the isotope "curium-248" with a half-life of 1.72e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tracer lifetime
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name tracer_lifetime is the total length of time a passive tracer exists within a medium. Passive tracers are used in models to study processes such as transport and deposition.
canonical units: s

toa net downward longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

dvorak tropical number
type: Standard Name
definition: The Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) is used to derive a set of Dvorak Tropical numbers using an objective pattern recognition algorithm to determine the intensity of a tropical cyclone by matching observed brightness temperature patterns, maximum sustained winds and minimum sea level pressure to a set of pre-defined tropical cyclone structures. Dvorak Tropical numbers range from 1.0 to 8.0, increasing with storm intensity. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 151Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "151Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-151" with a half-life of 8.61e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of brox expressed as bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to bergeron findeisen process to cloud ice
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The Bergeron-Findeisen process is the conversion of cloud liquid water to cloud ice arising from the fact that water vapor has a lower equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice than it has with respect to liquid water at the same subfreezing temperature.
canonical units: s-1

mass fraction of water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 133mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 3.84e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

lwe thickness of canopy water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. The canopy water is the water on the canopy. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: m

indicative error from multibeam acoustic doppler velocity profiler in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water velocity is a vector quantity that is the speed at which water travels in a specified direction. The "indicative error" is an estimate of the quality of a sea water velocity profile measured using an ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler). It is determined by the difference between the vertical velocity calculated from two 3-beam solutions. The parameter is frequently referred to as the "error velocity".
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to riming from rain
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Riming is the rapid freezing of supercooled water onto a surface. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

soil hydraulic conductivity at saturation
type: Standard Name
definition: Hydraulic conductivity is the constant k in Darcy's Law q=-k grad h for fluid flow q (volume transport per unit area i.e. velocity) through a porous medium, where h is the hydraulic head (pressure expressed as an equivalent depth of water).
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 127Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "127Sb" is the isotope "antimony-127" with a half-life of 3.80e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ocean rigid lid pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "Ocean rigid lid pressure" means the pressure at the surface of an ocean model assuming that it is bounded above by a rigid lid.
canonical units: Pa

mass fraction of rainfall falling onto surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name mass_fraction_of_rainfall_falling_onto_surface_snow is the mass of rainfall falling onto snow as a fraction of the mass of rainfall falling within the area of interest. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of pfc218 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for pfc218 is C3F8. The IUPAC name for pfc218 is octafluoropropane.
canonical units: 1

surface downwelling photosynthetic photon flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 244Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "244Cm" is the isotope "curium-244" with a half-life of 6.42e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of noy expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

surface downward x stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Downward x" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward x stress is a downward flux of momentum, which accelerates the lower medium in the direction of increasing x and and the upper medium in the direction of decreasing x.
canonical units: Pa

sea surface wave period of highest wave
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave period of the highest wave is the period determined from wave crests corresponding to the greatest vertical distance above mean level during the observation period. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of pm10 sulfate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-3

sea ice surface temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. "Sea ice surface temperature" is the temperature that exists at the interface of sea ice and an overlying medium which may be air or snow. In areas of snow covered sea ice, sea_ice_surface_temperature is not the same as the quantity with standard name surface_temperature. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole concentration of dissolved organic nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved organic nitrogen" describes the nitrogen held in carbon compounds in solution. These are mostly generated by plankton excretion and decay.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 208Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "208Tl" is the isotope "thallium-208" with a half-life of 2.15e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface direct shortwave hemispherical reflectance
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Hemispherical reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. This term gives the fraction of the surface_direct_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air which is reflected. It is equivalent to the surface_bidirectional_reflectance at the incident angle of the incoming solar radiation and integrated over all outgoing angles in the hemisphere above the surface. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation. Shortwave hemispherical reflectance is related to albedo, but albedo is defined in terms of the fraction of the full spectrum of incident solar radiation which is reflected. It is related to the hemispherical reflectance averaged over all wavelengths using a weighting proportional to the incident radiation flux.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of hcfc141b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to cloud microphysics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Cloud microphysics" is the sum of many cloud processes such as condensation, evaporation, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, deposition, sublimation, the Bergeron-Findeisen process, riming, accretion, aggregation and icefall. The precise list of processes that are included in "cloud microphysics" can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the processes included, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names also exist to describe the tendencies due to the separate processes.
canonical units: s-1

ertel potential vorticity
type: Standard Name
definition: The Ertel potential vorticity is the scalar product of the atmospheric absolute vorticity vector and the gradient of potential temperature. It is a conserved quantity in the absence of friction and heat sources [AMS Glossary, http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Ertel_potential_vorticity]. A frequently used simplification of the general Ertel potential vorticity considers the Earth rotation vector to have only a vertical component. Then, only the vertical contribution of the scalar product is calculated. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m2 kg-1 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 86Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 1.87e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 214Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "214Pb" is the isotope "lead-214" with a half-life of 1.86e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass flux of carbon out of soil due to leaching and runoff
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Leaching" means the loss of water soluble chemical species from soil. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of ammonia
type: Standard Name
definition: Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

acoustic inertia in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic inertia is the sum of squared distances from the acoustic_centre_of_mass weighted by the volume backscattering coefficient at each distance and normalized by the total area backscattering coefficient. Volume backscattering coefficient is the linear form of acoustic_volume_backscattering_strength_in_sea_water. Area backscattering coefficient is the integral of the volume backscattering coefficient over a defined distance. For further details see Urmy et. al (2012) doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr205 and Bez and Rivoirard (2001) doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00241-1.
canonical units: m-2

lwe thickness of stratiform precipitation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.
canonical units: m

mass content of 14C in vegetation and litter and soil and forestry and agricultural products
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea surface wind wave period at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wind_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the wind wave component of a sea. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. The phrase "wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave period, describes the period of the most energetic waves within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of cfc113a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 13N in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "N" means the element "nitrogen" and "13N" is the isotope "nitrogen-13" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

effective radius of stratiform cloud graupel particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 147Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "147Pm" is the isotope "promethium-147" with a half-life of 9.57e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inv…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

lwe precipitation rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Precipitation rate" means the depth or thickness of the layer formed by precipitation per unit time.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "dry_deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)) are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere optical thickness due to particulate organic matter ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

liquid water content of surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 153Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "153Sm" is the isotope "samarium-153" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of alkanes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e. they do not contain any chemical double bonds. Alkanes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n+2); "alkanes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkane species, e.g., methane and ethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of specific humidity due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: s-1

radioactivity concentration of 159Gd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "159Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-159" with a half-life of 7.71e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of esters due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be acco…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean tracer laplacian diffusivity due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: m2 s-1

ocean mass x transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.
canonical units: kg s-1

upward sea ice basal heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The sea ice basal heat flux is the vertical heat flux (apart from radiation i.e. "diffusive") in sea water at the base of the sea ice. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a com…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

relative humidity for aerosol particle size selection
type: Standard Name
definition: Relative humidity at which the size of a sampled aerosol particle was selected. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of peroxyacetyl nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl_nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen dioxide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

eastward water vapor flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 228Ac
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "228Ac" is the isotope "actinium-228" with a half-life of 2.55e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusive processes include diffusion along neutral directions in the interior of the ocean and horizontal diffusion in the surface boundary layer. The processes occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of esters due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface snow melt and sublimation heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. The snow melt and sublimation heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is converting snow to liquid water (melting) and water vapor (sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of dimethyl sulfide in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: mol m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water speed at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. The speed at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements.
canonical units: m s-1

product of eastward sea water velocity and temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 240mNp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 5.08e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

eastward sea water velocity due to parameterized mesoscale eddies
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddies occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddies are represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

troposphere mole content of glyoxal
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for glyoxal is CHOCHO. The IUPAC name for glyoxal is ethanedial.
canonical units: mol m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

number concentration of ice crystals in air at ice cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud.
canonical units: m-3

sea water preformed salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Preformed Salinity, S*, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Preformed Salinity is a salinity variable that is designed to be as conservative as possible, by removing the estimated biogeochemical influences on the sea water composition. Preformed Salinity is Absolute Salinity, S_A (which has the standard name sea_water_absolute_salinity), minus all contributions to sea water composition from biogeochemical processes. Preformed Salinity is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Pawlowicz et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-363-2011; Wright et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-1-2011. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: g kg-1

left singular vector of remote sensing averaging kernel of logarithm of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Left singular vectors of the matrix representing the logarithmic scale remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (fractional changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the fractional changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000; Keppens et al., 2015).
canonical units: 1

geopotential height at volcanic ash cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name "height", which is relative to the surface. "Volcanic_ash" means the fine-grained products of explosive volcanic eruptions, such as minerals or crystals, older fragmented rock (e.g. andesite), and glass. Particles within a volcanic ash cloud have diameters less than 2 mm. "Volcanic_ash" does not include non-volcanic dust.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 75Ge in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "75Ge" is the isotope "germanium-75" with a half-life of 5.73e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

pressure at effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation
type: Standard Name
definition: The "effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation" is (approximately) the geometric height above the surface that is one optical depth at infrared wavelengths (in the region of 11 micrometers) below the cloud top that would be detected by visible and lidar techniques. Reference: Minnis, P. et al 2011 CERES Edition-2 Cloud Property Retrievals Using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS Data x2014; Part I: Algorithms IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(11), 4374-4400. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2144601.
canonical units: Pa

moles of particulate organic matter expressed as carbon per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol kg-1

growth limitation of miscellaneous phytoplankton due to solar irradiance
type: Standard Name
definition: Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. Solar irradiance is essential to the photosynthesis reaction and its presence promotes the growth of phytoplankton populations. "Growth limitation due to solar irradiance" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where the amount of sunlight reaching a location may be limited) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on solar irradiance.
canonical units: 1

air pressure at mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: Air pressure at sea level is the quantity often abbreviated as MSLP or PMSL. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals.
canonical units: Pa

radioactivity concentration of 89Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "89Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-89" with a half-life of 1.06e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

height above geopotential datum
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. The "geopotential datum" is any estimated surface of constant geopotential used as a datum i.e. a reference level; for the geoid as a datum, specific standard names are available. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

radiation frequency
type: Standard Name
definition: Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. The radiation frequency can refer to any electromagnetic wave, such as light, heat radiation and radio waves.
canonical units: s-1

stem mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The stem of a plant is the axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves and, at its basal end, roots. Its function is to carry water and nutrients. Examples include the stalk of a plant or the main trunk of a tree.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface snow melt flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Platform zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the platform and the local zenith at the observation target. This angle is measured starting from directly overhead and its range is from zero (directly overhead the observation target) to 180 degrees (directly below the observation target). Local zenith is a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface at a given location. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for sensor_zenith_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated zenith angle. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

mole concentration of phytoplankton expressed as iron in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of middle atmosphere moles of molecular hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "middle_atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere and stratosphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol s-1

atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: kg m-2

downward heat flux in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

toa net downward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upward northward stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Upward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. An upward northward stress is an upward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium northward and the lower medium southward.
canonical units: Pa

atmosphere mass content of methyl bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of cfc113a due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave maximum trough depth
type: Standard Name
definition: The trough is the lowest point of a wave. Trough depth is the vertical distance between the trough and the calm sea surface. Maximum trough depth is the maximum value measured during the observation period.
canonical units: m

mole fraction of hydrogen sulfide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula of hydrogen sulfide is H2S.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 253Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "253Cf" is the isotope "californium-253" with a half-life of 1.76e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

charnock coefficient for surface roughness length for momentum in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Coefficient value, based on the Charnock (1955) empirical expression for deriving the quantity with standard name surface_roughness_length_for_momentum_in_air over the ocean. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Charnock%27s_relation. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere x relative vorticity
type: Standard Name
definition: Atmosphere x relative vorticity is the x component of the 3D air vorticity vector. "Relative" in this context means the vorticity of the air relative to the rotating solid earth reference frame, i.e. excluding the Earth's own rotation. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. A positive value of atmosphere_x_relative_vorticity indicates anticlockwise rotation when viewed by an observer looking along the axis in the direction of decreasing x, i.e. consistent with the "right hand screw" rule.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hydroxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol s-1

radiation wavelength
type: Standard Name
definition: The radiation wavelength can refer to any electromagnetic wave, such as light, heat radiation and radio waves.
canonical units: m

tendency of sea ice area fraction due to ridging
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sea ice "ridging" occurs in rough sea conditions. The motion of the sea surface can cause areas of sea ice to deform and fold resulting in ridged upper and lower surfaces. The ridges can be as much as twenty metres thick if thick ice is deformed.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 77As
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "As" means the element "arsenic" and "77As" is the isotope "arsenic-77" with a half-life of 1.62e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface secondary swell wave mean period
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_mean_period is the mean period of the second most energetic swell waves. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration.
canonical units: s

mole fraction of hfc245fa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc245fa is C3H3F5. The IUPAC name for hfc245fa is 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere optical thickness due to sea salt ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 134mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "134mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-134" with a half-life of 3.36e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

nfdrs severe fire danger index
type: Standard Name
definition: Severe Fire Danger Index (SFDI) is the normalized product of normalized Energy Release Component (ERC) and normalized Burning Index (BI) from the United States National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS). While SFDI is not officially part of the National Fire Danger Rating System, it is related to and intended to supplement NFDRS. It is commonly categorized into five classes based on percentile: low (0-60), moderate (60-80), high (80-90), very high (90-97), and extreme (97-100). It can be extended to future conditions by introducing an unprecedented category for values above the historical 100th percentile. As it is locally normalized, its interpretation remains the same across space.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

climatology test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Climatology test, which checks that values are within reasonable range bounds for a given time and location. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. This tendency encompasses all processes that impact on the time changes for the heat content within a grid cell. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.
canonical units: W m-2

solar azimuth angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Solar azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight to the sun and a reference direction which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise.
canonical units: degree

sea surface wind wave from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

mass fraction of unfrozen water in soil moisture
type: Standard Name
definition: "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. "unfrozen_water" means liquid and vapour. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

y wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-1

spike test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Spike test, which checks that the difference between two points in a series of values is within reasonable bounds. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

ocean y overturning mass streamfunction due to parameterized submesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

atmosphere mass content of inorganic bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

change over time in atmosphere mass content of water due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Water" means water in all phases. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2

downward northward momentum flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

reference sea water density for boussinesq approximation
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). For a rigid lid Boussinesq geopotential ocean model the density of the sea water is maintained at a constant reference density. In a model using the rigid lid Boussinesq approximation , the vertical grid coordinates (and hence the grid cell volumes) are time invariant.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 147Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "147Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-147" with a half-life of 1.10e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea ice y internal stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Internal ice stress is a measure of the compactness, or strength, of the ice. Internal ice stress usually acts as a resistance to the motion caused by the wind force. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: N m-2

mass concentration of prokaryotes expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Prokaryotes" means all Bacteria and Archaea excluding photosynthetic cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus or other separately named components of the prokaryotic population.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 152Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "152Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-152" with a half-life of 7.94e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 117Cd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.08e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 141La
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "141La" is the isotope "lanthanum-141" with a half-life of 1.61e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 239U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "239U" is the isotope "uranium-239" with a half-life of 1.63e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 242m2Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242m2Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 1.62e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

northward ocean heat transport due to parameterized submesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: W

integral wrt depth of tendency of sea water alkalinity expressed as mole equivalent
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. "wrt" means with respect to. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface."tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. 'sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent' is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components).
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas i…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 130mI in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "130mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 6.17e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

net upward longwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

photolysis rate of nitrogen dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of dimethyl sulfide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of sea ice amount due to basal melting
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen dioxide due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

number of icebergs per unit area
type: Standard Name
definition: The number of icebergs per unit area.
canonical units: m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of ethane
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

fraction of surface downwelling photosynthetic radiative flux absorbed by vegetation
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The quantity with standard name fraction_of_surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_absorbed_by_vegetation, often called Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), is the fraction of incoming solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a vegetation canopy. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: 1

surface downward eastward stress due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to gravitational settling
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 215Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "215Po" is the isotope "polonium-215" with a half-life of 2.06e-08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 238U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "238U" is the isotope "uranium-238" with a half-life of 1.65e+12 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 127Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "127Sb" is the isotope "antimony-127" with a half-life of 3.80e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of formaldehyde
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: mol s-1

moles of dissolved organic nitrogen per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved organic nitrogen" describes the nitrogen held in carbon compounds in solution. These are mostly generated by plankton excretion and decay. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MDMAP008/3/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

atmosphere mass content of propene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass content of water vapor containing 17O in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "17O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-17".
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of halon1202 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of cfc11 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface upwelling radiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

surface downwelling shortwave flux in air due to volcanic ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 148Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148Pm" is the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 5.38e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of oxygenated hydrocarbons in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Oxygenated" means containing oxygen. "Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of dust dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: 1

surface downward x stress correction
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Downward x" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward x stress is a downward flux of momentum, which accelerates the lower medium in the direction of increasing x and and the upper medium in the direction of decreasing x. A positive correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean.
canonical units: Pa

mass fraction of radon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 225Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "225Ra" is the isotope "radium-225" with a half-life of 1.48e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

northward friction velocity in air
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Friction velocity is a reference wind velocity derived from the relationship between air density and downward stress and is usually applied at a level close to the surface where stress is assumed to independent of height and approximately proportional to the square of mean velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of carbon tetrachloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: 1

ocean heat x transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.
canonical units: W

tendency of surface snow amount due to drifting into sea
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere optical thickness due to nitrate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: 1

tendency of sea ice amount due to lateral melting
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 97Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97Nb" is the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 5.11e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to anthropogenic emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

barotropic sea water y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.
canonical units: m s-1

minus one times toa outgoing shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Shortwave means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 148Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148Pm" is the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 5.38e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of nitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

solar zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Solar zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local vertical.
canonical units: degree

northward friction velocity at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Friction velocity is a reference ocean velocity derived from the relationship between ocean density and downward stress and is usually applied at a level close to the surface where stress is assumed to be independent of height and approximately proportional to the square of mean velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

minus one times water flux into sea water from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity minus_one_times_water_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers is the quantity with standard name water_flux_into_sea_water_from_rivers multiplied by -1. "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

dew point depression
type: Standard Name
definition: Dew point depression is also called dew point deficit. It is the amount by which the air temperature exceeds its dew point temperature. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

air temperature at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mass fraction of pm10 particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

land ice basal upward velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of gaseous divalent mercury
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of bromine chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: mol s-1

mole fraction of ethene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

surface downward heat flux in sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium.
canonical units: Bq m-3

northward land ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Land ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: m s-1

sea ice freeboard
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea ice freeboard is the height of the sea-ice upper surface above the water surface. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

volume fraction of condensed water in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 81Se in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "81Se" is the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 1.28e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 130Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130Sb" is the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of calcareous phytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hexachlorobiphenyl due to re emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Re-emission" refers to emission that is not from a primary source; it refers to emission of a species that has previously been deposited and accumulated in soils or water. "Re-emission" is a process entirely distinct from "emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of noy expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of hydroperoxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 214Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "214Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-214" with a half-life of 1.37e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

precipitation flux containing 18O
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "18O" is the stable isotope "oxygen-18".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radial velocity of scatterers toward instrument
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Radial velocity toward instrument" means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement toward the instrument (i.e. inward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities), of whatever kind the instrument detects. A standard name referring to radial velocity "away_from_instrument" should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: m s-1

mass fraction of hydroperoxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass content of water vapor in atmosphere layer due to deep convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 93Y
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "93Y" is the isotope "yttrium-93" with a half-life of 4.24e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 132I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "132I" is the isotope "iodine-132" with a half-life of 9.60e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 135mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 1.08e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of sea salt dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-3

platform roll starboard down
type: Standard Name
definition: Roll is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. "Starboard down" indicates that positive values of roll represent the right side of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_starboard_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of biological taxon expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Mass concentration of biota expressed as carbon is also referred to as "carbon biomass". "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of phaeopigments in sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Phaeopigments are non-photosynthetic pigments that are the degradation product of algal chlorophyll pigments. It is commonly formed during and after marine phytoplankton blooms. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrate dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 95Zr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "95Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-95" with a half-life of 6.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of toa net downward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). "Shortwave" means shortwave radiation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

sea water added conservative temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_water_added_conservative_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model whose surface flux does not come from the atmosphere but is imposed externally upon the simulated climate system. The surface flux is expressed as a heat flux and converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were a heat flux being added to conservative temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were conservative temperature. The passive tracer is zero in the control climate of the model. The passive tracer records added heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: degree_C

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 218Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "218Po" is the isotope "polonium-218" with a half-life of 2.12e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 237Np
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "237Np" is the isotope "neptunium-237" with a half-life of 7.79e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of halon1301 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic nitrogen due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. "Inorganic nitrogen" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea ice area transport across line
type: Standard Name
definition: Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m2 s-1

surface snow melt heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The snow melt heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is melting snow at freezing point. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon accumulated in leaves
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ratio of x derivative of ocean rigid lid pressure to sea surface density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface density is the density of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. "Ocean rigid lid pressure" means the pressure at the surface of an ocean model assuming that it is bounded above by a rigid lid.
canonical units: m s-2

change over time in sea water conservative temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 210Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "210Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-210" with a half-life of 5.01e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Phosphorus means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus".
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 144Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 1.20e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

scattering angle
type: Standard Name
definition: The scattering angle is that between the direction of the beam of incident radiation and the direction into which it is scattered.
canonical units: rad

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 154Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "154Eu" is the isotope "europium-154" with a half-life of 3.13e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

salt flux into sea water from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean sigma z coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 86mRb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86mRb" is the metastable state of the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 7.04e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 211Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "211Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-211" with a half-life of 1.49e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 58Co in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Co" means the element "cobalt" and "58Co" is the isotope "cobalt-58" with a half-life of 7.10e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 134Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134Cs" is the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 7.50e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tropopause altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inv…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 240mNp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "240mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-240" with a half-life of 5.08e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean volume
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 210Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "210Po" is the isotope "polonium-210" with a half-life of 1.38e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 105Rh
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 1.48e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 213Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "213Po" is the isotope "polonium-213" with a half-life of 4.86e-11 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 234mPa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234mPa" is the metastable state of the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 8.13e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea ice extent
type: Standard Name
definition: The term sea_ice_extent means the total area of all grid cells in which the sea ice area fraction equals or exceeds a threshold, often chosen to be 15 per cent. The threshold must be specified by supplying a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of sea_ice_area_fraction. The horizontal domain over which sea ice extent is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m2

mole concentration of brox expressed as bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of chlorophyll a in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally; all contain a chlorin ring which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. Chlorophyll-a is the most commonly occurring form of natural chlorophyll.
canonical units: 1

divergence of wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "[horizontal_]divergence_of_X" means [horizontal] divergence of a vector X; if X does not have a vertical component then "horizontal" should be omitted. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere mass content of bromine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of surface downward sensible heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

sea surface wave mean wavenumber from variance spectral density first wavenumber moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,k,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), k is wavenumber and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. Wavenumber is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit distance. Wavenumber moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 k^n dk), where k^n is k to the power of n. The mean wavenumber, k(1), is calculated as the ratio M(1)/M(0).
canonical units: m-1

carbon mass content of forestry and agricultural products
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 133Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133Te" is the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 8.68e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea ice x force per unit area due to coriolis effect
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In meteorology and oceanography, the Coriolis effect per unit mass arises solely from the earth's rotation and acts as a deflecting force, normal to the velocity, to the right of the motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Coriolis_force. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: N m-2

downward eastward momentum flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: Pa

mole concentration of dissolved organic phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Organic phosphorus" means phosphorus in carbon compounds. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ORGPDSZZ/4/.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 94Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "94Y" is the isotope "yttrium-94" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 146Ce
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "146Ce" is the isotope "cerium-146" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

time when flood water rises above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name time_when_flood_water_rises_above_threshold is the time elapsed between the breaking of a levee (origin of flood water simulation) and the instant when the depth first rises above a given threshold at a given point in space. If a threshold is supplied, it should be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of flood_water_thickness. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable. If no threshold is specified, its value is taken to be zero. Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: s

surface radioactivity content of 106mRh
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 9.09e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of phosphate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface downward mass flux of 13C dioxide abiotic analogue expressed as 13C
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface swell wave period
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of peroxynitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 133Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133Xe" is the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 5.28e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

permafrost area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more years.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of hydrogen cyanide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: 1

surface litter mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. "Surface litter" means the part of the litter resting above the soil surface. The sum of the quantities with standard names wood_debris_mass_content_of_nitrogen, surface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen is the total nitrogen mass content of dead plant material.
canonical units: kg m-2

net downward longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of hydrogen bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of methyl chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of methyl chloride is CH3Cl.
canonical units: 1

slow soil pool mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. "Slow soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of more than a hundred years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface downward mole flux of cfc12
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

ocean mass content of particulate organic matter expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of chlorine dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: mol m-3

sea water salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.
canonical units: 1e-3

radioactivity concentration of 245Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "245Cm" is the isotope "curium-245" with a half-life of 3.40e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of phytoplankton expressed as silicon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

downwelling photosynthetic photon spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

square of lagrangian tendency of air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa2 s-2

cloud area fraction in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 230U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "230U" is the isotope "uranium-230" with a half-life of 2.08e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen out of litter and soil due to immobilisation and remineralization
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Remineralization is the degradation of organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other micronutrients, which consumes oxygen and releases energy. Immobilisation of nitrogen refers to retention of nitrogen by micro-organisms under certain conditions, making it unavailable for plants.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon due to nitrate utilization
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" refers to the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Nitrate utilization" means net primary production by phytoplankton based on nitrate alone. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mole fraction of atomic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical symbol of atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of halon1301 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 105Ru in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "105Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-105" with a half-life of 1.85e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 225Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "225Ra" is the isotope "radium-225" with a half-life of 1.48e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and no aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to accretion to rain
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Accretion is the growth of a hydrometeor by collision with cloud droplets or ice crystals. "Rain" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hydrogen chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: mol s-1

sea surface wave to direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen into sea from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 209Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "209Pb" is the isotope "lead-209" with a half-life of 1.38e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

ocean double sigma coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic peroxides due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Organic peroxides are organic molecules containing an oxygen-oxygen bond. The general chemical formula is ROOR or ROOH, where R is an organic group.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

canopy height
type: Standard Name
definition: Height is the vertical distance above the surface. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 94Nb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94Nb" is the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 7.29e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ultraviolet index
type: Standard Name
definition: The "Ultraviolet Index" (UVI) is a measure of the amount of solar ultraviolet radiation that reaches the surface of the earth depending on factors such as time of day and cloud cover. It is often used to alert the public of the need to limit sun exposure and use sun creams to protect the skin. Each point on the Index scale is equivalent to 25 mW m-2 of UV radiation (reference: Australian Bureau of Meteorology, http://www.bom.gov.au/uv/about_uv_index.shtml). The UVI range is expressed as a numeric value from 0 to 20 and sometimes graphically as bands of color indicating the attendant risk of skin damage. A UVI of 0-2 is described as 'Low' (represented graphically in green); a UVI of 11 or greater is described as "Extreme" (represented graphically in purple). The higher the UVI, the greater the potential health risk to humans and the less time it takes for harm to occur. To specify the amount of cloud cover at which the data variable applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name "cloud_area_fraction". Standard names are also defined for the quantities ultraviolet_index_assuming_clear_sky and ultraviolet_index_assuming_overcast_sky.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 240Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "240Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-240" with a half-life of 2.40e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface drag coefficient for heat in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

sea ice y force per unit area due to sea surface tilt
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Several factors contribute to differences in the ocean surface level, including uneven heating, salinity variations, and currents, especially near coastal regions or ice shelves. Differences in surface level result in sea-surface tilt, a force that influences the ice motion. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: N m-2

mole fraction of nitrogen trifluoride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrogen trifluoride is NF3. Nitrogen trifluoride is the IUPAC name.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of methyl hydroperoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 115mCd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 4.46e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 236Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "236Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-236" with a half-life of 1.04e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of peroxyacetyl nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl_nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere mass content of hydrogen cyanide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: kg m-2

global average sea level change due to change in ocean mass
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average mass volume sea level change is caused by water mass balance (evaporation – precipitation + runoff). This in turn results in a change in volume of the world ocean. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level. This quantity is sometimes called "barystatic sea level rise" or "barystatic sea level change". It is the part of global-mean sea-level rise which is due to the addition to the ocean of water mass that formerly resided within the land area (as land water storage or land ice) or in the atmosphere (which contains a relatively tiny mass of water).
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 137Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "137Xe" is the isotope "xenon-137" with a half-life of 2.71e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 235Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "235Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-235" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

keetch byram drought index
type: Standard Name
definition: The Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is a numerical drought index ranging from 0 to 800 that estimates the cumulative moisture deficiency in soil. It is a cumulative index. It is a function of maximum temperature and precipitation over the previous 24 hours.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of atomic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere moles of hcc140a
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: mol

tendency of sea water salinity expressed as salt content due to parameterized submesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 232U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "232U" is the isotope "uranium-232" with a half-life of 2.63e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

nitrogen mass content of forestry and agricultural products
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites.
canonical units: kg m-2

ocean s coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere convective inhibition
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective inhibition is the amount of energy per unit mass required to overcome the negatively buoyant energy exerted by the environment on a parcel of air. Convective inhibition is often abbreviated as "CIN" or "CINH". It is calculated by integrating the negative temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from a given starting height to its equilibrium level. A coordinate variable of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the starting height of the lifted parcel.
canonical units: J kg-1

soil thermal conductivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Thermal conductivity is the constant k in the formula q = -k grad T where q is the heat transfer per unit time per unit area of a surface normal to the direction of transfer and grad T is the temperature gradient. Thermal conductivity is a property of the material. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: W m-1 K-1

mass concentration of inorganic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 121mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "121mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.82e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 163Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "163Tb" is the isotope "terbium-163" with a half-life of 1.36e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 aerosol particles at standard temperature and pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

wind chill of air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The quantity with standard name wind_chill_of_air_temperature is the perceived air temperature when wind is factored in with the ambient air temperature (which makes it feel colder than the actual air temperature). Wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by wind and cold. Wind chill temperature is only defined for ambient temperatures at or below 283.1 K and wind speeds above 1.34 m s-1. References: https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart; WMO codes registry entry http://codes.wmo.int/grib2/codeflag/4.2/0-0-13. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface upward latent heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

perceived temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Perceived temperature (PT) is an equivalent air temperature of the actual thermal condition. It is the air temperature of a reference condition causing the same thermal perception in a human body considering air temperature, wind speed, humidity, solar and thermal radiation as well as clothing and activity level. It is not the perceived air temperature, that derives either from wind chill and heat index and has the standard_name apparent_air_temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: degree_C

mole fraction of chloroform in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for chloroform is CHCl3. The IUPAC name for chloroform is trichloromethane.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of phosphate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere number content of aerosol particles due to gravitational settling
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: m-2 s-1

ocean volume y transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.
canonical units: m3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 127Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "127Sn" is the isotope "tin-127" with a half-life of 8.84e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of absorption equivalent black carbon of pm2p5 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The absorption equivalent black carbon mass concentration is obtained by conversion from the particle light absorption coefficient with a suitable mass absorption cross-section. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

platform yaw rate fore port
type: Standard Name
definition: "Yaw rate" is the rate of rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. "Fore port" indicates that positive values of yaw rate represent the front of the platform moving to the left as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_rate_fore_starboard should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of elemental nitrogen due to fixation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Nitrogen fixation" means the production of ammonia from nitrogen gas. Organisms that fix nitrogen are termed "diazotrophs". Diazotrophic phytoplankton can fix atmospheric nitrogen, thus increasing the content of nitrogen in the ocean.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 125Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "125Sn" is the isotope "tin-125" with a half-life of 9.65e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean volume transport across line
type: Standard Name
definition: Transport "across_line" means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport.
canonical units: m3 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 101Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "101Tc" is the isotope "technetium-101" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of pfc116 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for pfc116 is C2F6. The IUPAC name for pfc116 is hexafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

lwe thickness of frozen water content of soil layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "frozen_water" means ice. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).
canonical units: m

fire temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The overall temperature of a fire area due to contributions from smoldering and flaming biomass. A data variable containing the area affected by fire should be given the standard name fire_area. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 151Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "151Sm" is the isotope "samarium-151" with a half-life of 3.40e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

wind mixing energy flux into sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of chlorinated hydrocarbons due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides and chlorinated synthetics. In standard names "chlorinated_hydrocarbons" is the term used to describe the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Ch…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 210Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "210Pb" is the isotope "lead-210" with a half-life of 7.64e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of beta pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 92Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "92Sr" is the isotope "strontium-92" with a half-life of 1.13e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of cfc115
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

moles of dissolved inorganic carbon per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol kg-1

atmosphere mass content of convective cloud ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to shallow convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of ethane
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

nitrogen growth limitation of calcareous phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Nitrogen growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of nitrogen) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on nitrogen availability.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 109Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "109Pd" is the isotope "palladium-109" with a half-life of 5.61e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface subskin temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The sea surface subskin temperature is the temperature at the base of the conductive laminar sub-layer of the ocean surface, that is, at a depth of approximately 1 - 1.5 millimeters below the air-sea interface. For practical purposes, this quantity can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 gigahertz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle due to thermal stratification of the upper ocean layer in low wind speed high solar irradiance conditions. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole concentration of zooplankton expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated in terms of B alone, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Standard names also exist for the mole concentration of a number of components that make up the total zooplankton population, such as mesozooplankton, and microzooplankton.
canonical units: mol m-3

sea surface height amplitude due to equilibrium ocean tide
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are a significant contributor to the observed sea surface height; equilibrium ocean tide refers to the long period ocean tide.
canonical units: m

tendency of vegetation mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to fixation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. On land, "nitrogen fixation" means the uptake of nitrogen gas directly from the atmosphere. The representation of fixed nitrogen is model dependent, with the nitrogen entering either plants, soil or both.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 148Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "148Sm" is the isotope "samarium-148" with a half-life of 2.92e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 113Ag
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "113Ag" is the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 2.21e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

stratiform cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. To specify which area is quantified by a variable with standard name area_fraction, provide a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. Alternatively, if one is defined, use a more specific standard name of X_area_fraction for the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

steric change in sea surface height
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The steric change in sea surface height is the change in height that a water column of standard temperature zero degrees Celsius and practical salinity S=35.0 would undergo when its temperature and salinity are changed to the observed values. The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height and halosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total steric change in the water column height, which has the standard name of steric_change_in_sea_surface_height. The sum of the quantities with standard names sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness and steric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total thickness of the sea water column.
canonical units: m

mole fraction of artificial tracer with fixed lifetime in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Artificial tracer" means a passive atmospheric tracer that is used to study atmospheric transport and deposition. To specify the length of the tracer lifetime in the atmosphere, a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of tracer_lifetime should be used.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere optical thickness due to convective cloud
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of lutein in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of lutein is C40H56O2.
canonical units: kg m-3

change in atmosphere energy content due to change in sigma coordinate wrt surface pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "wrt" means with respect to. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Atmosphere energy content" has not yet been precisely defined! Please express your views on this quantity on the CF email list. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: J m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 149Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "149Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-149" with a half-life of 7.23e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

stratosphere optical thickness due to volcanic ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The stratosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the atmosphere layer between the tropopause and stratopause. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions.
canonical units: 1

area fraction of night defined by solar zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. A coordinate variable of solar_zenith_angle indicating the day extent should be specified. Solar zenith angle is the the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local vertical.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass concentration of nox expressed as nitrogen monoxide in air due to emission from aviation
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

atmosphere mass content of hcc140a
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 229Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "229Ra" is the isotope "radium-229" with a half-life of 1.16e-17 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upwelling radiance per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere moles of hydrogen bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: mol

tendency of kinetic energy content of atmosphere layer due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: W m-2

toa brightness temperature assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "toa" means top of atmosphere. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

temperature of analysis of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The temperature_of_analysis_of_sea_water is the reference temperature for the effects of temperature on the measurement of another variable. This temperature should be measured, but may have been calculated, or assumed. For example, the temperature of the sample when measuring pH, or the temperature of equilibration in the case of dissolved gases. The linkage between the data variable and the variable with a standard_name of temperature_of_analysis_of_sea_water is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute on the data variable. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface radioactivity content of 213Pb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "213Pb" is the isotope "lead-213" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

subsurface litter mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. "Subsurface litter" means the part of the litter mixed within the soil below the surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The sum of the quantities with standard names surface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon has the standard name litter_mass_content_of_carbon.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of particulate organic nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Particulate organic nitrogen" means the sum of all organic nitrogen compounds that are solid, or bound to solid particles. "Organic nitrogen", when measured, always refers to all nitrogen incorporated in carbon compounds in the sample. Models may use the term to refer to nitrogen contained in specific groups of organic compounds in which case the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hydrogen cyanide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface net downward shortwave dust ambient aerosol particles direct radiative effect
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of hcc140a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: 1

eastward flood water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of atomic nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere moles of nitrous oxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: mol

tidal sea surface height above mean higher high water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean higher high water" is the arithmetic mean of the higher high water height of each tidal day observed at a station over a Tidal Datum Epoch, which is a period of time that is usually greater than 18.6 years to include a full lunar cycle. Tidal datums in certain regions with anomalous sea level changes may be calculated using a shorter, or modified, Tidal Datum Epoch (e.g. 5 years). To specify the tidal datum epoch to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_epoch.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of isoprene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic iron due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dissolved inorganic iron" means iron ions, in oxidation states of both Fe2+ and Fe3+, in solution.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

sea surface wave directional spread
type: Standard Name
definition: Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

northward ocean heat transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice.
canonical units: W

mole fraction of hfc227ea in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc227ea is C3HF7. The IUPAC name for hfc227ea is 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of hypobromous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: kg m-2

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 254mEs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254mEs" is the metastable state of the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 1.63e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 207Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "207Tl" is the isotope "thallium-207" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of oxidized nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "wet_deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of gaseous divalent mercury due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume scattering function of radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. The volume scattering function is the intensity (flux per unit solid angle) of scattered radiation per unit length of scattering medium, normalised by the incident radiation flux. The (range of) direction(s) of scattering can be specified by a coordinate of scattering_angle. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the scattering applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies.
canonical units: m-1 sr-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to evaporation of melting ice
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of troposphere moles of hcfc22
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol s-1

radioactivity concentration of 232Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "232Th" is the isotope "thorium-232" with a half-life of 5.14e+12 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of toa outgoing longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Longwave" means longwave radiation. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

sea surface secondary swell wave from direction at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming in the secondary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the wave spectrum partition. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: degree

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

mole fraction of hfc143a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc143a is CF3CH3. The IUPAC name for hfc143a is 1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 129Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "129Sb" is the isotope "antimony-129" with a half-life of 1.81e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be inclu…
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of chlorine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: kg m-3

toa outgoing longwave flux due to volcanic ambient aerosol particles assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. The TOA outgoing longwave flux is the upwelling thermal radiative flux, often called the "outgoing longwave radiation" or "OLR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Petroleum hydrocarbons are compounds containing just carbon and hydrogen originating from the fossil fuel crude oil.
canonical units: kg m-3

miscellaneous living matter mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Miscellaneous living matter" means all those parts of plants that are not leaf, stem, root or other separately named components. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to gravitational settling
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave maximum crest height
type: Standard Name
definition: The crest is the highest point of a wave. Crest height is the vertical distance between the crest and the calm sea surface. Maximum crest height is the maximum value measured during the observation period.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of bromine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of graupel and hail in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. For models that do distinguish between them, separate standard names for hail and graupel are available.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 101Mo in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "101Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-101" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of convective cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: 1

number concentration of pm2p5 aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of, respectively, "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of mercury dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to turbulent deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 126Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126Sb" is the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.24e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 142Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 7.94e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 dust dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

soil pool carbon decay rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Soil carbon" is the organic matter present in soil quantified by the mass of carbon it contains. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. Each modelled soil carbon pool has a characteristic turnover time, which is modified by environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture so that the turnover time varies in space and time. The quantity with standard name soil_pool_carbon_decay_rate is defined as 1/(turnover time). The data variable should be accompanied by a string valued coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name soil_pool.
canonical units: s-1

moles of nitrate per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_inY is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

eastward sea water velocity at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The velocity at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements.
canonical units: m s-1

ocean volume x transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.
canonical units: m3 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of methyl chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: mol

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 118Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "118Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-118" with a half-life of 3.49e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

low type cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Low type clouds are: Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus. X_type_cloud_area_fraction is generally determined on the basis of cloud type, though Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models often calculate them based on the vertical location of the cloud. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

acoustic target strength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Target strength is 10 times the log10 of the ratio of backscattering cross-section to the reference value, 1 m2. Backscattering cross-section is a parameter computed from the intensity of the backscattered sound wave relative to the intensity of the incident sound wave. For further details see MacLennan et. al (2002) doi:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1158.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 121Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "121Sn" is the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.12e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

lwe convective snowfall rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.
canonical units: m s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of bedrock altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. "Bedrock" is the solid Earth surface beneath land ice, ocean water or soil.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 215Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "215Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-215" with a half-life of 4.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 240U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "240U" is the isotope "uranium-240" with a half-life of 5.99e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere dry energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: J m-2

radioactivity concentration of 238Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "238Np" is the isotope "neptunium-238" with a half-life of 2.10e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

square of air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K2

surface radioactivity content of 253Cf
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "253Cf" is the isotope "californium-253" with a half-life of 1.76e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 247Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "247Cm" is the isotope "curium-247" with a half-life of 5.86e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of hcfc22 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

northward heat flux in air due to eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 131mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "131mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-131" with a half-life of 1.18e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of benzene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea water mass
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name "sea_water_mass" is the total mass of liquid seawater in the global oceans, including enclosed seas.
canonical units: kg

tendency of mass fraction of cloud condensed water in air due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: s-1

heat flux into sea water due to freezing of frazil ice
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Frazil" consists of needle like crystals of ice, typically between three and four millimeters in diameter, which form as sea water begins to freeze. Salt is expelled during the freezing process and frazil ice consists of nearly pure fresh water.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of peroxy radicals
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The term "peroxy_radicals" means all organic and inorganic peroxy radicals. This includes HO2 and all organic peroxy radicals, sometimes referred to as RO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea floor depth below mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: "Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere moles of hydroperoxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol

mass fraction of nitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: 1

quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of quality_flag contains an indication of assessed quality information of another data variable. The linkage between the data variable and the variable or variables with the standard_name of quality_flag is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 117mIn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "117mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 8.08e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 134mCs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 1.21e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of 19 butanoyloxyfucoxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of 19’-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin is C46H64O8. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/BUTAXXXX/1/.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

change over time in sea water specific potential enthalpy
type: Standard Name
definition: "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. The potential enthalpy of a sea water parcel is the specific enthalpy after an adiabatic and isohaline change in pressure from its in situ pressure to the sea pressure p = 0 dbar. "specific" means per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.
canonical units: J kg-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 238Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "238Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-238" with a half-life of 3.15e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dimethyl sulfide due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 212Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "212Pb" is the isotope "lead-212" with a half-life of 4.43e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

neighbor test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Neighbor test, which checks that values are reasonable when compared with nearby measurements. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic 14C in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 148mPm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 4.14e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of halon1211 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 209Tl
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "209Tl" is the isotope "thallium-209" with a half-life of 1.53e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water preformed alkalinity expressed as mole equivalent
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means the number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Alkalinity" refers to total alkalinity equivalent concentration, including carbonate, borate, phosphorus, silicon, and nitrogen components. The subduction and subsequent transport of surface water carry into the interior ocean considerable quantities of alkalinity, which is entirely independent of biological activity (such as organic decomposition and oxidation) after the water leaves the sea surface. Such alkalinity is termed “preformed” alkalinity (Redfield,1942).
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of cfc115 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole fraction of carbonyl fluoride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of carbonyl fluoride is COF2. The IUPAC name for carbonyl fluoride is carbonyl difluoride.
canonical units: 1

cloud liquid water mixing ratio
type: Standard Name
definition: Cloud liquid water mixing ratio of a parcel of air is the ratio of the mass of liquid water to the mass of dry air. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: 1

platform heave up
type: Standard Name
definition: Heave is a displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. "Up" indicates that positive values of heave represent the platform moving up as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

atmosphere moles of inorganic chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol

hail fall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. For diameters of less than 5 mm standard names for "graupel" should be used. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 72Zn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zn" means the element "zinc" and "72Zn" is the isotope "zinc-72" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

graupel fall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. There are also separate standard names for hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land ice x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 151Nd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "151Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-151" with a half-life of 8.61e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of hcfc22 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 117In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "117In" is the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 3.05e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

land ice surface upward velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere moles of sulfur dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 147Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "147Sm" is the isotope "samarium-147" with a half-life of 3.91e+13 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 161Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "161Tb" is the isotope "terbium-161" with a half-life of 6.92e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

soil density
type: Standard Name
definition: The density of the soil in its natural condition. Also known as bulk density. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of gaseous divalent mercury due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

longitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Longitude is positive eastward; its units of degree_east (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of grid_longitude should be used instead of longitude. Grid longitude is positive in the grid-eastward direction, but its units should be plain degree.
canonical units: degree_east

compressive strength of unconfined soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The maximum force applied as axial strain to an unconfined soil sample before failure.
canonical units: Pa

right singular vector of remote sensing averaging kernel of logarithm of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Right singular vectors of the matrix representing the logarithmic scale remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000; Keppens et al., 2015).
canonical units: 1

sea ice and surface snow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2

lwe snowfall rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.
canonical units: m s-1

product of lagrangian tendency of air pressure and geopotential height
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface.
canonical units: Pa m s-1

mass fraction of formaldehyde in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O.
canonical units: 1

tendency of upward air velocity due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.
canonical units: m s-2

radioactivity concentration of 77Ge in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77Ge" is the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 4.72e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface geostrophic eastward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 254Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "254Cf" is the isotope "californium-254" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of atomic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of water in pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen in sea water at shallowest local minimum in vertical profile
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The concentration of any chemical species, whether particulate or dissolved, may vary with depth in the ocean. A depth profile may go through one or more local minima in concentration. The mole_concentration_of_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile is the mole concentration of oxygen at the local minimum in the concentration profile that occurs closest to the sea surface. The chemical formula for molecular oxygen is O2.
canonical units: mol m-3

platform sway rate starboard
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sway rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. "Starboard" indicates that positive values of sway rate represent the platform moving right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_sway_rate_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_sway_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 129Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129Te" is the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 4.86e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 240Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "240Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-240" with a half-life of 2.40e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface downward y stress correction
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Downward y" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward y stress is a downward flux of momentum, which accelerates the lower medium in the direction of increasing y and and the upper medium in the direction of decreasing y. A positive correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean.
canonical units: Pa

mass concentration of silver in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Silver means silver in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total silver". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere transformed eulerian mean meridional overturning mass streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: The "meridional mass streamfunction" is a streamfunction of the zonally averaged mass transport in the meridional plane. The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press.
canonical units: kg s-1

radioactivity concentration of 152Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152Pm" is the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 2.84e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

number concentration of ozone molecules in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: m-3

mass concentration of carbon in dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "carbon" is the total sum of elemental, organic, and inorganic carbon. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, inorganic carbon is neglected and its mass is assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of sea ice amount due to surface melting
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface height above geopotential datum
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The "geopotential datum" is any estimated surface of constant geopotential used as a datum i.e. a reference level; for the geoid as a datum, specific standard names are available. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

tendency of sea water conservative temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_adve…
canonical units: W m-2

log10 size interval based number size distribution of cloud condensation nuclei in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The cloud condensation nuclei number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter, where the particle acts as condensation nucleus for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific mobility particle sizes. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology. "log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X.
canonical units: m-3

atmosphere mass content of atomic bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to sea salt ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

x heat flux in sea water due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of miscellaneous phytoplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 89Sr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "89Sr" is the isotope "strontium-89" with a half-life of 5.21e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of hydrogen chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of isoprene due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

model level number at convective cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Model level number should be understood as equivalent to layer number. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: 1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to aerosol particles at standard temperature and pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

convection time fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Time fraction" means a fraction of a time interval. The interval in question must be specified by the values or bounds of the time coordinate variable associated with the data. "X_time_fraction" means the fraction of the time interval during which X occurs.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of hydrogen peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: 1

surface snow binary mask
type: Standard Name
definition: X"_binary_mask" has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. The value is 1 where the snow cover area fraction is greater than a threshold, and 0 elsewhere. The threshold must be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of surface_snow_area_fraction. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: 1

change in sea surface height due to change in air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface height is a time-varying quantity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 160Tb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "160Tb" is the isotope "terbium-160" with a half-life of 7.23e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to convective detrainment
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

sea surface wave directional spread at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_spread_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the directional spread of the most energetic waves. Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

enrichment of 13C in particulate carbon in sea water expressed as lowercase delta 13C relative to VPDB
type: Standard Name
definition: Isotopic enrichment of 13C, often called delta 13C, is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C. It is a parameterisation of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio in the sample with respect to the isotopic ratio in a reference standard (in this case Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite). It is computed using the formula (((13C/12C)sample / (13C/12C)standard) - 1) * 1000. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Grazing of phytoplankton" means the grazing of phytoplankton by zooplankton.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 212Pb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "212Pb" is the isotope "lead-212" with a half-life of 4.43e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

baroclinic northward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).
canonical units: m s-1

age of sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Age of sea ice" means the length of time elapsed since the ice formed. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: year

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 223Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "223Rn" is the isotope "radon-223" with a half-life of 2.98e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

equivalent thickness at stp of atmosphere ozone content
type: Standard Name
definition: "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa). "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The equivalent thickness at STP of a particular constituent of the atmosphere is the thickness of the layer that the gas would occupy if it was separated from the other constituents and gathered together at STP. equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content is usually measured in Dobson Units which are equivalent to 446.2 micromoles m-2 or an equivalent thickness at STP of 10 micrometers. N.B. Data variables containing column content of ozone can be given the standard name of either equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content or atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone. The latter name is recommended for consistency with mole content names for chemical species other than ozone.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 213Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "213Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-213" with a half-life of 3.26e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of aldehydes due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Aldehydes are organic compounds with a CHO group; "aldehydes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aldehyde species, e.g., formaldehyde and acetyladehyde.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of organic detritus expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Organic detritus are particles of debris from decaying plants and animals.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 83Br
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "83Br" is the isotope "bromine-83" with a half-life of 1.00e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 15O
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "15O" is the isotope "oxygen-15" with a half-life of 1.41e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

net primary production of biomass expressed as carbon per unit volume in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 73Ga
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ga" means the element "gallium" and "73Ga" is the isotope "gallium-73" with a half-life of 2.03e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of gaseous divalent mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s)in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere mole content of carbon monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The construction "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" means the vertically integrated number of moles of X above a unit area. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol m-2

atmosphere mass content of xylene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

signal intensity from multibeam acoustic doppler velocity sensor in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The magnitude of an acoustic signal emitted by the instrument toward a reflecting surface and received again by the instrument.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere moles of bromine nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere layer thickness expressed as geopotential height difference
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name atmosphere_layer_thickness_expressed_as_geopotential_height_difference is the difference of geopotential height between two atmospheric levels. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name "height", which is relative to the surface.
canonical units: m

sea surface tertiary swell wave from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_from_direction is the direction from which the third most energetic swell waves are coming. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

moles of dissolved phosphorus per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". “Phosphorus” means phosphorus in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total phosphorus". The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/TPHSDSZZ/6/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 95Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "95Y" is the isotope "yttrium-95" with a half-life of 7.29e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of dissolved organic 13C in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The sum of dissolved organic carbon-13 component concentrations. "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: mol m-3

tidal sea surface height above lowest astronomical tide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Lowest astronomical tide" describes a local vertical reference based on the lowest water level that can be expected to occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions. The tidal component of sea surface height describes the predicted variability of the sea surface due to astronomic forcing (chiefly lunar and solar cycles) and shallow water resonance of tidal components; for example as generated based on harmonic analysis, or resulting from the application of harmonic tidal series as boundary conditions to a numerical tidal model.
canonical units: m

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: s-1

surface water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 115Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 2.23e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of pm10 methanesulfonic acid dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H.
canonical units: kg m-3

grid longitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Longitude is positive eastward; its units of degree_east (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of grid_longitude should be used instead of longitude. Grid longitude is positive in the grid-eastward direction, but its units should be plain degree.
canonical units: degree

mole concentration of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituentsof A. The abbreviation "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

aggregate quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: This flag is an algorithmic combination of the results of all relevant quality tests run for the related ancillary parent data variable. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. The aggregate quality flag provides a summary of all quality tests performed on the data variable (both automated and manual) whether present in the dataset as independent ancillary variables to the parent data variable or not.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.
canonical units: kg m-3

radius of tropical cyclone eye
type: Standard Name
definition: The radius of a tropical cyclone eye is defined to be the great circle distance measured from the cyclone center to the eye wall.
canonical units: m

altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection. Additionally, when the parameterized advective process is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic. The convergence of a skew-flux is identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of an advective flux, making their tendencies the same.
canonical units: W m-2

litter mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The sum of the quantities with standard names surface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_carbon has the standard name litter_mass_content_of_carbon.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea water density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). If 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name sea_water_sigma_t should be chosen instead.
canonical units: kg m-3

flood water thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: The flood_water_thickness is the vertical distance between the surface of the flood water and the surface of the solid ground, as measured at a given point in space. The standard name ground_level_altitude is used for a data variable giving the geometric height of the ground surface above the geoid. "Flood water" is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of reduced nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 135mXe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 1.08e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 211Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "211Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-211" with a half-life of 1.49e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 79Se
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "79Se" is the isotope "selenium-79" with a half-life of 2.37e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 119mIn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "119mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface tertiary swell wave from direction at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming in the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the wave spectrum partition. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere potential energy content due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 241Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "241Cm" is the isotope "curium-241" with a half-life of 3.50e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

toa adjusted radiative forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. Adjusted forcing is the radiative flux change caused by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.) after allowance for stratospheric temperature adjustment. A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 83Se in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "83Se" is the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 1.56e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface downwelling photon spherical irradiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

surface radioactivity content of 127Te
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127Te" is the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 115Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "115Ag" is the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.46e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic peroxides due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Organic peroxides are organic molecules containing an oxygen-oxygen bond. The general chemical formula is ROOR or ROOH, where R is an organic group.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling photon flux per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

atmosphere moles of chlorine nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: mol

tendency of mole concentration of ox in air due to chemical and photolytic production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The term "ox" means a combination of three radical species containing 1 or 3 oxygen atoms: O + O1d + O3. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "chemical and photolytic production" means the result of all chemical and photolytic reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce a certain amount of the particular species.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

mole concentration of picophytoplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

volume extinction coefficient of radiative flux in air due to cloud particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume extinction coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length. Extinction is the sum of absorption and scattering, sometimes called "attenuation". "Extinction" is the term most commonly used at optical wavelengths whereas "attenuation" is more often used at radio and radar wavelengths. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Cloud particles" means suspended liquid or ice water droplets. A coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency should be included to specify either the wavelength or frequency.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 246Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "246Cm" is the isotope "curium-246" with a half-life of 2.01e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 232Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "232Th" is the isotope "thorium-232" with a half-life of 5.14e+12 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

lwe thickness of precipitation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to respiration in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Soil respiration is the sum of respiration in the soil by animals and decomposers of litter (heterotrophs or "consumers"), which have not produced the biomass they respire, and respiration by the roots of plants (autotrophs or "producers"), which have themselves produced the biomass they respire.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of troposphere moles of hcc140a
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

radioactivity concentration of 41Ar in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ar" means the element "argon" and "41Ar" is the isotope "argon-41" with a half-life of 7.64e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface swell wave mean period
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of aromatic compounds in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Aromatic compounds in organic chemistry are compounds that contain at least one benzene ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double covalent bonds. The simplest aromatic compound is benzene itself. In standard names "aromatic_compounds" is the term used to describe the group of aromatic chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aromatic species, e.g. benzene and xylene.
canonical units: kg m-3

relative platform azimuth angle
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name relative_platform_azimuth_angle is the difference between the viewing geometries from two different platforms over the same observation target. It is the difference between the values of two quantities with standard name platform_azimuth_angle. There is no standardized sign convention for relative_platform_azimuth_angle. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for relative_sensor_azimuth_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere moles of butane
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide natural analogue in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged.
canonical units: Pa

radioactivity concentration of 91Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "91Sr" is the isotope "strontium-91" with a half-life of 3.95e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface downwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

difference between sea surface subskin temperature and sea surface foundation temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: This variable quantifies the temperature difference between the top (sea_surface_subskin_temperature) and bottom (sea_surface_foundation_temperature) of the diurnal warm layer. This diurnal warm layer, caused by absorption of solar radiation in the absence of strong mixing, together with a cool skin effect, account for the total temperature difference between the sea_surface_skin_temperature and the sea_surface_foundation_temperature. The cool skin effect is associated with the turbulent and infrared radiative heat loss at the air-sea interface. Freshwater fluxes may also affect this variable (sea_surface_subskin_temperature_minus_sea_surface_foundation_temperature).
canonical units: degree_C

surface radioactivity content of 206Tl
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "206Tl" is the isotope "thallium-206" with a half-life of 2.91e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

storm motion speed
type: Standard Name
definition: Storm motion speed is defined as a two dimensional velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) It is defined as the average speed of a supercell, and the direction the storm will move from. It is not dependent on the orientation of the ground-relative winds. Storm motion speed generally follows the methodology outlined in Bunkers et al. (2000).
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 214Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "214Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-214" with a half-life of 1.37e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

northward mass flux of air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

air density
type: Standard Name
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 249Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "249Cf" is the isotope "californium-249" with a half-life of 1.32e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

soil mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

land ice basal melt rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The land ice basal melt rate is the rate at which ice is lost per unit area at the base of the ice.
canonical units: m s-1

sea ice mass
type: Standard Name
definition: The horizontal domain over which sea ice mass is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions."Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg

radioactivity concentration of 85mKr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 1.83e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

temperature flux due to rainfall expressed as heat flux into sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_rainfall_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water is the heat energy carried by rainfall entering the sea at the sea surface. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be carried by rainfall entering the sea at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrainCpTrain, where Qrain is the mass flux of rainfall entering the sea (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Train is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the rain water entering the sea surface. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of pm2p5 nitrate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: 1

convective snowfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved iron in sea water due to dissolution from inorganic particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name tendency_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_iron_in_sea_water_due_to_dissolution_from_inorganic_particles is the change in concentration caused by the processes of dissolution, remineralization and desorption of iron back to the dissolved phase.The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change. The quantity with standard name surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_anthropogenic_land_use_or_land_cover_change_excluding_forestry_and_agricultural_products excludes the carbon dioxide flux into the atmosphere due to the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. The standard name for the quantity that includes product decomposition is surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_anthropogenic_land_use_or_land_cover_change.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrous oxide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

square of sea surface temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface temperature is usually abbreviated as "SST". It is the temperature of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any), and not the skin temperature, whose standard name is surface_temperature. For the temperature of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of sea_water_temperature with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. "square_of_X" means X*X. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K2

fractional saturation of oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Fractional saturation is the ratio of some measure of concentration to the saturated value of the same quantity.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles expressed as sulfur due to turbulent deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

litter mass content of 14C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: kg m-2

platform pitch rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Pitch rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. The standard name platform_pitch_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the pitch rate is known, a standard name of platform_pitch_rate_fore_down or platform_pitch_rate_fore_up should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

surface radioactivity content of 99Tc
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99Tc" is the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 7.79e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of absorption equivalent black carbon of pm1 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. The absorption equivalent black carbon mass concentration is obtained by conversion from the particle light absorption coefficient with a suitable mass absorption cross-section. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

iron growth limitation of miscellaneous phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. "Iron growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of iron) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on iron availability.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 229Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "229Ra" is the isotope "radium-229" with a half-life of 1.16e-17 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 222Fr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "222Fr" is the isotope "francium-222" with a half-life of 1.03e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

depth at shallowest local minimum in vertical profile of mole concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. 'Mole concentration' means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The concentration of any chemical species, whether particulate or dissolved, may vary with depth in the ocean. A depth profile may go through one or more local minima in concentration. The depth_at_shallowest_local_minimum_in_vertical_profile_of_mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water is the depth of the local minimum in the oxygen concentration that occurs closest to the sea surface.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 102mTc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 2.98e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

land ice mass not displacing sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice not displacing sea water" means land ice that would alter sea level if the ice were converted to water and added to the ocean. It excludes ice shelves (and any other sort of floating ice) and it excludes a fraction of grounded ice-sheet mass equivalent to the mass of any sea water it displaces. It includes glaciers and a portion of grounded ice-sheet mass exceeding the mass of any sea water displaced. The quantity with standard name land_ice_mass_not_displacing_sea_water is the total mass integrated over an area of land ice. The geographical extent of the ice over which the mass was calculated should be described by providing bounds on the horizontal coordinate variable or scalar with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF convention. "Land ice not displacing sea water" is sometimes referred to as "ice above flotation" or "ice above floatation".
canonical units: kg

mass concentration of fucoxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of fucoxanthin is C42H58O6. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/FUCXZZZZ/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

y wind gust
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed time series of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed.
canonical units: m s-1

freezing level altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

platform name
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of platform_name contains strings which help to identify the platform from which an observation was made. For example, this may be a geographical place name such as "South Pole" or the name of a meteorological observing station. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.

surface radioactivity content of 147Pm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "147Pm" is the isotope "promethium-147" with a half-life of 9.57e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

vegetation mass content of 13C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 91Y
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91Y" is the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 5.86e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

gross range test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Gross Range test, which checks that values are within reasonable range bounds. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

volume fraction of silt in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

sea surface wave mean square slope
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of convective cloud liquid water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of clox expressed as chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

moisture content of soil layer at field capacity
type: Standard Name
definition: "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s). The field capacity of soil is the maximum content of water it can retain against gravitational drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 79Se in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "79Se" is the isotope "selenium-79" with a half-life of 2.37e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

ocean y overturning mass streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. In contrast to the quantity with standard name ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction, this quantity includes all physical processes, resolved or parameterized, that impact mass/volume transport. Thus it includes contributions from the parameterized eddy velocity.
canonical units: kg s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 88Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "88Kr" is the isotope "krypton-88" with a half-life of 1.17e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 254Es
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 2.76e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 229Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "229Ra" is the isotope "radium-229" with a half-life of 1.16e-17 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface wave mean height of highest tenth
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. The height of the highest tenth is defined as the mean of the highest ten per cent of trough to crest distances measured during the observation period.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of water vapor in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface direct downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Direct" (also known as "beam") radiation is radiation that has followed a direct path from the sun and is alternatively known as "direct insolation". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except black carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as 13C due to plant respiration
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 220Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "220Rn" is the isotope "radon-220" with a half-life of 6.37e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 126Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126Sb" is the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.24e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of secondary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

litter mass content of 13C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. he chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tidal sea surface height above mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The tidal component of sea surface height describes the predicted variability of the sea surface due to astronomic forcing (chiefly lunar and solar cycles) and shallow water resonance of tidal components; for example as generated based on harmonic analysis, or resulting from the application of harmonic tidal series as boundary conditions to a numerical tidal model.
canonical units: m

tendency of sea water conservative temperature expressed as heat content due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the conservative temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Conservative Temperature is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Conservative Temperature is specific potential enthalpy (which has the standard name sea_water_specific_potential_enthalpy) divided by a fixed value of the specific heat capacity of sea water, namely cp_0 = 3991.86795711963 J kg-1 K-1. Conservative Temperature is a more accurate measure of the "heat content" of sea water, by a factor of one hundred, than is potential temperature. Because of this, it can be regarded as being proportional to the heat content of sea water per unit mass. Reference: www.teos-10.org; McDougall, 2003 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents …
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of sea ice amount due to congelation ice accumulation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Congelation ice" means the freezing of sea water onto the underside of thin, new sea ice that has been formed by small areas of frazil ice crystals joining together into a continuous layer at the sea surface. Congelation ice forms under calm water conditions; it thickens and stabilizes the layer of sea ice and produces a smooth bottom surface.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass content of cloud liquid water in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2

upward heat flux at base of grounded ice sheet
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Grounded ice sheet" indicates where the ice sheet rests over bedrock and is thus grounded. It excludes ice-caps, glaciers and floating ice shelves. The quantity with standard name upward_heat_flux_at_base_of_grounded_ice_sheet is the upward heat flux at the interface between the ice and bedrock. It does not include any heat flux from the ocean into an ice shelf.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 231U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "231U" is the isotope "uranium-231" with a half-life of 4.29e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 243Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "243Cm" is the isotope "curium-243" with a half-life of 1.17e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic iron
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic iron" means iron ions, in oxidation states of both Fe2+ and Fe3+, in solution.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 102Tc
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102Tc" is the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 6.12e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 121mSn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "121mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.82e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of organic detritus expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Organic detritus are particles of debris from decaying plants and animals.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of beta pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of propene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

downward northward momentum flux in air due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: Pa

volume fraction of sand in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 116mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "116mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 3.77e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 82mBr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "82mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 4.24e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea ice x force per unit area due to sea surface tilt
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Several factors contribute to differences in the ocean surface level, including uneven heating, salinity variations, and currents, especially near coastal regions or ice shelves. Differences in surface level result in sea-surface tilt, a force that influences the ice motion. Reference: National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/dynamics.html. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: N m-2

mole fraction of gaseous divalent mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of halon1202 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform surge rate fore
type: Standard Name
definition: "Surge rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. "Fore" indicates that positive values of surge rate represent the platform moving forward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_rate_aft should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

mole concentration of hexachlorobiphenyl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. This structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 212Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "212Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-212" with a half-life of 4.20e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

baroclinic eastward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 221Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "221Rn" is the isotope "radon-221" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

ocean tracer epineutral laplacian diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "epineutral diffusivity" means a lateral diffusivity along a either a neutral or isopycnal density surface due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of an ocean model. The type of density surface is dependent on the model formulation. "laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator.
canonical units: m2 s-1

moles of particulate matter expressed as nitrogen per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MDMAP013/4/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

tendency of air temperature due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm). It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

mass fraction of precipitation in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of beta pinene
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: mol s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 110mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "110mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-110" with a half-life of 2.70e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 236mNp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "236mNp" is the metastable state of the isotope "neptunium-236" with a half-life of 4.72e+10 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of organic detritus expressed as silicon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Organic detritus are particles of debris from decaying plants and animals.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 135Cs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135Cs" is the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 8.39e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of land ice mass due to basal mass balance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Mass balance means the net rate at which ice is accumulated. A negative value means loss of ice. The tendency in ice mass due to the basal mass balance is the spatial integral of the quantity with standard name land_ice_basal_specific_mass_balance_flux. The geographical extent of the ice over which the mass is calculated is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region".
canonical units: kg s-1

surface radioactivity content of 140Ba
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "140Ba" is the isotope "barium-140" with a half-life of 1.28e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ocean barotropic streamfunction
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m3 s-1

model level number at base of ocean mixed layer defined by sigma theta
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_sigma_theta_difference can be used to specify the sigma_theta criterion that determines the layer thickness. Sigma-theta of sea water is the potential density (i.e. the density when moved adiabatically to a reference pressure) of water having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. The quantity model_level_number_at_base_of_ocean_mixed_layer_defined_by_sigma_theta is sometimes referred to as the "bowl index".
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of chlorinated hydrocarbons due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides and chlorinated synthetics. In standard names "chlorinated_hydrocarbons" is the term used to describe the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a refe…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 227Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "227Ra" is the isotope "radium-227" with a half-life of 2.87e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

northward ocean salt transport due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Salt transport" means the mass of salt being transported. Northward transport by diffusion means the part due to horizontal or isopyncal diffusion schemes in an ocean model, but not including the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

platform surge aft
type: Standard Name
definition: Surge is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. "Aft" indicates that positive values of surge represent the platform moving backward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_fore should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

soil albedo
type: Standard Name
definition: Soil albedo is the albedo of the soil surface assuming no snow. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 99Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99Tc" is the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 7.79e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

surface downward northward stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward.
canonical units: Pa

frequency of lightning flashes per unit area
type: Standard Name
definition: A lightning flash is a compound event, usually consisting of several discharges. Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave, or the number of occurrences of an event, per unit time.
canonical units: m-2 s-1

canopy water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. The canopy water is the water on the canopy. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 89Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "89Sr" is the isotope "strontium-89" with a half-life of 5.21e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of mass content of water vapor in atmosphere layer due to turbulence
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water ph abiotic analogue reported on total scale
type: Standard Name
definition: sea_water_pH_reported_on_total_scale is the measure of acidity of sea water, defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions plus bisulfate ions in a sea water medium; it can be measured or calculated; when measured the scale is defined according to a series of buffers prepared in artificial seawater containing bisulfate. The quantity may be written as pH(total) = -log([H+](free) + [HSO4-]). In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of toluene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere mass content of hcfc142b
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere moles of beta pinene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: mol

product of northward wind and air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m s-1

surface snow area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: 1

upwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 89Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "89Sr" is the isotope "strontium-89" with a half-life of 5.21e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

depth below geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. "Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of methyl peroxy radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

universal thermal comfort index
type: Standard Name
definition: Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI) is an equivalent temperature of the actual thermal condition. Reference: utci.org. It is the air temperature of a reference condition causing the same dynamic physiological response in a human body considering its energy budget, physiology and clothing adaptation. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: degree_C

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 233Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "233Th" is the isotope "thorium-233" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

ratio of sea water potential temperature anomaly to relaxation timescale
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name ratio_of_sea_water_potential_temperature_anomaly_to_relaxation_timescale is a correction term applied to modelled sea water potential temperature. The term is estimated as the deviation of model local sea water potential temperature from an observation-based climatology (e.g. World Ocean Database) weighted by a user-specified relaxation coefficient in s-1 (1/(relaxation timescale)). Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. The term "anomaly" means difference from climatology. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

drainage amount through base of soil model
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name drainage_amount_through_base_of_soil_model is the amount of water that drains through the bottom of a soil column extending from the surface to a specified depth. "Drainage" is the process of removal of excess water from soil by gravitational flow. "Amount" means mass per unit area. A vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "depth" should be used to specify the depth to which the soil column extends.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere moles of formic acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: mol

medium soil pool mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. Soil carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the organic matter decays. The decay process takes varying amounts of time depending on the composition of the organic matter, the temperature and the availability of moisture. A carbon "soil pool" means the carbon contained in organic matter which has a characteristic period over which it decays and releases carbon into the atmosphere. "Medium soil pool" refers to the decay of organic matter in soil with a characteristic period of between ten and one hundred years under reference climate conditions of a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and no water limitations.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 97Zr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "97Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-97" with a half-life of 6.98e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of phaeopigments in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Concentration of phaeopigment per unit volume of the water body, where the filtration size or collection method is unspecified (equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/. "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Phaeopigments are a group of non-photosynthetic pigments that are the degradation product of algal chlorophyll pigments. Phaeopigments contain phaeophytin, which fluoresces in response to excitation light, and phaeophorbide, which is colorless and does not fluoresce (source: https://academic.oup.com/plankt/article/24/11/1221/1505482). Phaeopigment concentration commonly increases during the development phase of marine phytoplankton blooms, and declines in the post bloom stage (source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0967063793901018).
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 84mBr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "84mBr" is the metastable state of the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 4.16e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

gross mole production of biomass expressed as carbon by prokaryotes in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Gross mole production" means the rate of creation of biomass per unit volume with no correction for respiration loss in terms of quantity of matter (moles). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Prokaryotes" means all Bacteria and Archaea excluding photosynthetic cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus or other separately named components of the prokaryotic population.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface sea water x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Ocean currents are related to phenomena of different nature and processes, such as density currents, currents raised by the wind, tide, wave propagation, mass flow in estuaries, etc. This standard name refers to the sum of currents of all origins.
canonical units: m s-1

change in land ice mass
type: Standard Name
definition: Zero change in land ice mass is an arbitrary level. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions.
canonical units: kg

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of zeaxanthin in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of zeaxanthin is C40H56O2. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ZEAXXXXX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

upward upward derivative of geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.
canonical units: s-2

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of ozone due to net chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result (calculated as production minus destruction) of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce or destroy a particular species. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attr…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere ln pressure coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: "ln_X" means natural logarithm of X. X must be dimensionless. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles expressed as sulfur
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of chromium in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chromium means chromium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total chromium". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2

eastward friction velocity in air
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Friction velocity is a reference wind velocity derived from the relationship between air density and downward stress and is usually applied at a level close to the surface where stress is assumed to independent of height and approximately proportional to the square of mean velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 83mKr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "83mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-83" with a half-life of 7.71e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of limonene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 226Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "226Ra" is the isotope "radium-226" with a half-life of 5.86e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 231Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "231Th" is the isotope "thorium-231" with a half-life of 1.06e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

location test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Location test, which checks that a location is within reasonable bounds. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of hypochlorous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere net upward shallow convective mass flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. Net upward convective mass flux is the difference between the updraft mass flux and the downdraft mass flux.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of chlorophyll c in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Chlorophyll-c means chlorophyll c1+c2+c3. The chemical formula of chlorophyll c1 is C35H30MgN4O5, and chlorophyll c2 is C35H28MgN4O5. The chemical formula of chlorophyll c3 is C36H44MgN4O7.
canonical units: kg m-3

land binary mask
type: Standard Name
definition: X_binary_mask has 1 where condition X is met, 0 elsewhere. 1 = land, 0 = sea.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere sleve coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of nox expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The term "peroxy_radicals" means all organic and inorganic peroxy radicals. This includes HO2 and all organic peroxy radicals, sometimes referred to as RO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 109Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "109Pd" is the isotope "palladium-109" with a half-life of 5.61e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of dibromomethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for dibromomethane is CH2Br2. The IUPAC name is dibromomethane.
canonical units: mol mol-1

platform heave down
type: Standard Name
definition: Heave is a displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. "Down" indicates that positive values of heave represent the platform moving down as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 216At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "216At" is the isotope "astatine-216" with a half-life of 3.47e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

northward sea water velocity at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The velocity at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of secondary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-3

product of air temperature and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 126Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "126Sb" is the isotope "antimony-126" with a half-life of 1.24e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

volume beam attenuation coefficient of radiative flux in sea water corrected for pure water attenuance
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". Beam attenuation refers to the decrease of radiative flux along the direction of the incident path. It is distinguished from attenuation of the downwelling component of radiative flux from any incident direction, also called "diffuse" attenuation. The phrase "corrected for pure water attenuance" means the attenuation coefficient has been adjusted/calibrated to remove the influence of absorption/scattering by the water itself. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_.
canonical units: m-1

sensor zenith angle
type: Standard Name
definition: sensor_zenith_angle is the angle between the line of sight to the sensor and the local zenith at the observation target. This angle is measured starting from directly overhead and its range is from zero (directly overhead the observation target) to 180 degrees (directly below the observation target). Local zenith is a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface at a given location. "Observation target" means a location on the Earth defined by the sensor performing the observations. A standard name also exists for platform_zenith_angle, where "platform" refers to the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship, or satellite. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated zenith angle.
canonical units: degree

mass fraction of peroxynitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 117mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.42e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of beta pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for beta_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere moles of xylene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 112Pd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "112Pd" is the isotope "palladium-112" with a half-life of 8.37e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of acetaldehyde due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for acetaldehyde is CH3CHO. The IUPAC name for acetaldehyde is ethanal.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface snow melt amount
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength.
canonical units: m-1

platform surge fore
type: Standard Name
definition: Surge is a displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. "Fore" indicates that positive values of surge represent the platform moving forward as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_surge_aft should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_surge should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 131mXe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "131mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-131" with a half-life of 1.18e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

volume extinction coefficient of radiative flux in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume extinction coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length. Extinction is the sum of absorption and scattering, sometimes called "attenuation". "Extinction" is the term most commonly used at optical wavelengths whereas "attenuation" is more often used at radio and radar wavelengths. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

toa incoming shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA incoming shortwave flux is the radiative flux from the sun i.e. the "downwelling" TOA shortwave flux. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

stratiform precipitation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface net downward shortwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 140La
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "140La" is the isotope "lanthanum-140" with a half-life of 1.76e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface net upward mass flux of methane due to emission from wetland biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). A net upward flux is the difference between the flux from below (upward) and the flux from above (downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The precise conditions under which wetlands produce and consume methane can vary between models. The quantity with standard name surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_wetland_biological_processes is the difference between the upward and downward surface fluxes of methane which have standard names surface_upward_mass_flux_of_methane_due_to_emission_from_wetland_biological_production and surface_downward_mass_flux_of_methane_due_to_wetland_biological_consumption, respectively.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean vertical momentum diffusivity due to background
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The construction "vertical_X_diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to background" means caused by a time invariant imposed field which may be either constant over the globe or spatially varying, depending on the ocean model used.
canonical units: m2 s-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere mass content of atomic nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface bidirectional reflectance
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Bidirectional_reflectance" depends on the angles of incident and measured radiation. Reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 94Y
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "94Y" is the isotope "yttrium-94" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

height above mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. he chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 150Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "150Pm" is the isotope "promethium-150" with a half-life of 1.12e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 95Zr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "95Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-95" with a half-life of 6.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of pm10 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: 1

wind speed of gust due to turbulence
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a list of terms, the maximum of which composes the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of aluminium in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Aluminium means aluminium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total aluminium". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

eastward derivative of northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name eastward_derivative_of_northward_wind is the derivative of the northward component of wind with respect to distance in the eastward direction for a given atmospheric level. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: s-1

mass concentration of diatoms expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Diatoms are single-celled phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 237Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "237Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-237" with a half-life of 4.56e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

amplitude of global average sea level change
type: Standard Name
definition: Global average sea level change is due to change in volume of the water in the ocean, caused by mass and/or density change, or to change in the volume of the ocean basins, caused by tectonics etc. It is sometimes called "eustatic", which is a term that also has other definitions. It differs from the change in the global average sea surface height relative to the centre of the Earth by the global average vertical movement of the ocean floor. Zero sea level change is an arbitrary level. Amplitude is the magnitude of a wave modelled by a sinusoidal function. A coordinate variable of harmonic_period should be used to specify the period of the sinusoidal wave. Because global average sea level change quantifies the change in volume of the world ocean, it is not calculated necessarily by considering local changes in mean sea level.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 109mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "109mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-109" with a half-life of 4.58e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

upwelling longwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

ocean montgomery potential
type: Standard Name
definition: Montgomery potential is defined as M = ap + gz, where a = specific volume, p = pressure, g = gravity, and z=depth. It represents an exact streamfunction on specific volume anomaly surfaces.
canonical units: m2 s-2

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as zinc in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of cfc12 in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of mass fraction of cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to heterogeneous nucleation from water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterogeneous nucleation occurs when a small particle of a substance other than water acts as a freezing or condensation nucleus.
canonical units: s-1

surface downward eastward stress due to ocean viscous dissipation
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Viscosity" means the stress associated with viscous effects at the sea surface and is equivalent to the turbulent stress just outside the viscous sublayer.
canonical units: Pa

ocean heat y transport due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: W

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 150Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "150Pm" is the isotope "promethium-150" with a half-life of 1.12e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 244Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "244Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-244" with a half-life of 2.92e+10 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei at stp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The cloud condensation nuclei number concentration is the total number of aerosol particles per unit volume independent of and integrated over particle size that act as condensation nuclei for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).
canonical units: m-3

surface radioactivity content of 158Eu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "158Eu" is the isotope "europium-158" with a half-life of 3.18e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas i…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea floor sediment age before 1950
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed. "Sediment age" means the length of time elapsed since the sediment was deposited. The phrase "before_1950" is a transparent representation of the phrase "before_present", often used in the geological and archaeological domains to refer to time elapsed between an event and 1950 AD.
canonical units: s

integral wrt time of surface downward latent heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to anthropogenic emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. Anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide includes fossil fuel use, cement production, agricultural burning and sources associated with anthropogenic land use change, except forest regrowth.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 129Te
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129Te" is the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 4.86e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of water in ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere optical thickness due to pm1 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 60Co in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Co" means the element "cobalt" and "60Co" is the isotope "cobalt-60" with a half-life of 1.93e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 107Rh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "107Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-107" with a half-life of 1.51e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 112Ag
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "112Ag" is the isotope "silver-112" with a half-life of 1.30e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

downward air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity."Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Downward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The standard name upward_air_velocity may be used for a vector component with the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere mass content of dimethyl sulfide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 128mSb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 7.23e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

northward derivative of wind from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name northward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction is the derivative of wind from_direction with respect to the change in northward lateral position for a given atmospheric level. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing ("wind_from_direction") (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing ("wind_to_direction") (eastward, southward, etc.). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: degree m-1

barotropic eastward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).
canonical units: m s-1

iron growth limitation of diazotrophic phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Iron growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a biological population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of iron) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on iron availability. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 3H in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "H" means the element "hydrogen" and "3H" is the isotope "hydrogen-3" with a half-life of 4.51e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of xylene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass fraction of cloud condensed water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

thunderstorm probability
type: Standard Name
definition: "probability_of_X" means the chance that X is true or of at least one occurrence of X. Space and time coordinates must be used to indicate the area and time-interval to which a probability applies.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen dioxide due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 252Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "252Cf" is the isotope "californium-252" with a half-life of 9.68e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 82Br in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "82Br" is the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 1.47e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of mass fraction of cloud ice in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: s-1

radioactivity concentration of 105Rh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 1.48e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 58Co
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Co" means the element "cobalt" and "58Co" is the isotope "cobalt-58" with a half-life of 7.10e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

land ice specific mass flux due to calving
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "Specific mass flux due to calving" means the change in land ice mass per unit area resulting from iceberg calving. A negative value means loss of ice. For an area-average, the cell_methods attribute should be used to specify whether the average is over the area of the whole grid cell or the area of land ice only. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minus tendency of ocean mole content of elemental nitrogen due to denitrification and sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Denitrification" is the conversion of nitrate into gaseous compounds such as nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen which are then emitted to the atmosphere. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface upwelling radiance per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

radioactivity concentration of 210Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "210Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-210" with a half-life of 5.01e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of microphytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Microphytoplankton are phytoplankton between 20 and 200 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

equivalent pressure of atmosphere ozone content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The equivalent pressure of a particular constituent of the atmosphere is the surface pressure exerted by the weight of that constituent alone.
canonical units: Pa

grid latitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Latitude is positive northward; its units of degree_north (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of grid_latitude should be used instead of latitude. Grid latitude is positive in the grid-northward direction, but its units should be plain degree.
canonical units: degree

sea surface height correction due to air pressure at low frequency
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Air pressure at low frequency" means variations in air pressure with periods longer than 20 days. These give rise to corresponding variations in sea surface topography. The quantity sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency is commonly called the "inverted barometer effect" and the correction should be applied by adding it to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_wet_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_dry_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_ionosphere and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of biological taxon expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface net upward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere mass content of hypochlorous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: kg m-2

number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. The cloud condensation nuclei number concentration is the total number of aerosol particles per unit volume independent of and integrated over particle size that act as condensation nuclei for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology.
canonical units: m-3

radius of tropical cyclone maximum sustained wind speed
type: Standard Name
definition: The great circle distance measured from the tropical cyclone center to the region of sustained 1-minute duration maximum wind speed, as defined by the standard name, tropical_cyclone_maximum_sustained_wind_speed.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methyl chloride due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 237U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "237U" is the isotope "uranium-237" with a half-life of 6.74e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

colony forming unit number concentration of biological taxon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Colony forming unit" means an estimate of the viable bacterial or fungal numbers determined by counting colonies grown from a sample. "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: m-3

radioactivity concentration of 229Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "229Th" is the isotope "thorium-229" with a half-life of 2.68e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: s-1

ocean meridional overturning mass streamfunction due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

atmosphere mass content of nitrous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 142Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "142Ce" is the isotope "cerium-142" with a half-life of 1.82e+19 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of ozone due to chemical destruction
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

ice cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere number content of aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: m-2 s-1

soil water ph
type: Standard Name
definition: soil_water_ph is the measure of acidity of soil moisture, defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions in soil water.
canonical units: 1

singular value of remote sensing averaging kernel mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Singular values of the matrix representing the remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000).
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of dinitrogen pentoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of methyl bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere,i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

mole concentration of nitrous oxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 143Ce
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "143Ce" is the isotope "cerium-143" with a half-life of 1.37e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downwelling photon flux per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 m-1

radioactivity concentration of 243Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "243Cm" is the isotope "curium-243" with a half-life of 1.17e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere moles of atomic bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temper…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of hcfc142b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole fraction of peroxynitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of peroxynitric acid is HNO4.
canonical units: 1

surface downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of hydrogen bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 152Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152Pm" is the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 2.84e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere lifting condensation level wrt surface
type: Standard Name
definition: The lifting condensation level is the height at which the relative humidity of an air parcel cooled by dry adiabatic lifting from the surface would reach 100%.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 138Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "138Cs" is the isotope "cesium-138" with a half-life of 2.23e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 144Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "144Ce" is the isotope "cerium-144" with a half-life of 2.84e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of ethene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 119mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "119mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-119" with a half-life of 2.45e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

water vapor partial pressure in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to gaseous phase net chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Gaseous phase net chemical production" means the net result of all gaseous chemical processes in the atmosphere that produce or destroy a species, distinct from chemical processes in the aqueous phase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

air pseudo equivalent potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The pseudoequivalent potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if it is expanded by a pseudoadiabatic (irreversible moist-adiabatic) process to zero pressure and afterwards compressed by a dry-adiabatic process to a standard pressure, typically representative of mean sea level pressure. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Pseudoequivalent_potential_temperature. A pseudoadiabatic process means that the liquid water that condenses is assumed to be removed as soon as it is formed. Reference: AMS Glossary http:/glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Pseudoadiabatic_process. To specify the standard pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name reference_pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole concentration of hcc140a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 88Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "88Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-88" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of diazotrophic phytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: kg m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and no aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

mole fraction of hfc152a in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc152a is CF2HCH3. The IUPAC name for hfc152a is 1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere moles of halon1211
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: mol

depth below sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: "Depth_below_X" means the vertical distance below the named surface X.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 130mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "130mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-130" with a half-life of 4.58e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 125mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "125mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-125" with a half-life of 5.81e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere updraft convective mass flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The atmosphere convective mass flux is the vertical transport of mass for a field of cumulus clouds or thermals, given by the product of air density and vertical velocity. For an area-average, cell_methods should specify whether the average is over all the area or the area of updrafts and/or downdrafts only. "Updraft" means that the flux is positive in the updward direction (negative downward). upward. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of carbon dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of mercury dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-3

water potential evaporation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) Potential evaporation is the rate at which evaporation would take place under unaltered ambient conditions (temperature, relative humidity, wind, etc.) if the supply of water were unlimited, as if from an open water surface.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of ocean mole content of reduced nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "wet_deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6.
canonical units: kg m-2

number size distribution of aerosol particles at stp in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The aerosol particle number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles as a function of particle diameter. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter, aerodynamic_particle_diameter, or optical_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific particle sizes selected by the indicated method. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. "log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X. "stp" means standard temperature (0 degC) and pressure (101325 Pa).
canonical units: m-3

ultraviolet index assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The "Ultraviolet Index" (UVI) is a measure of the amount of solar ultraviolet radiation that reaches the surface of the earth depending on factors such as time of day and cloud cover. It is often used to alert the public of the need to limit sun exposure and use sun creams to protect the skin. Each point on the Index scale is equivalent to 25 mW m-2 of UV radiation (reference: Australian Bureau of Meteorology, http://www.bom.gov.au/uv/about_uv_index.shtml). The UVI range is expressed as a numeric value from 0 to 20 and sometimes graphically as bands of color indicating the attendant risk of skin damage. A UVI of 0-2 is described as 'Low' (represented graphically in green); a UVI of 11 or greater is described as "Extreme" (represented graphically in purple). The higher the UVI, the greater the potential health risk to humans and the less time it takes for harm to occur. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. Standard names are also defined for the quantities ultraviolet_index and ultraviolet_index_assuming_overcast_sky.
canonical units: 1

bioluminescent photon rate in sea water
type: Standard Name
canonical units: s-1 m-3

surface radioactivity content of 3H
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "H" means the element "hydrogen" and "3H" is the isotope "hydrogen-3" with a half-life of 4.51e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

specific heat capacity of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The specific heat capacity of sea water, Cp(ocean), is used in ocean models to convert between model prognostic temperature (potential or conservative temperature) and model heat content. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: J kg-1 K-1

radioactivity concentration of 107Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107Pd" is the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.37e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of ethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes.There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of elemental carbon in pm1 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, elemental carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 229Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "229Th" is the isotope "thorium-229" with a half-life of 2.68e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 212Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "212Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-212" with a half-life of 4.20e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of dissolved organic carbon in sea floor sediment pore water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen' or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: mol m-3

change in energy content of atmosphere layer due to change in sigma coordinate wrt surface pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The abbreviation "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates.
canonical units: J m-2

precipitation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of ocean potential energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.) "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface wind wave mean period from variance spectral density first frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wind wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) . Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The first wave period, T(m1) is calculated as the ratio M(0)/M(1).
canonical units: s

sea water volume fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_volume_fraction" means the fraction of volume occupied by X. It is evaluated as the volume of interest divided by the grid cell volume. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. A data variable with standard name sea_water_volume_fraction is used to store the fraction of a grid cell underlying sea-water, for example, where part of the grid cell is occupied by land or to record ocean volume on a model's native grid following a regridding operation.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 146Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "146Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-146" with a half-life of 1.68e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

acoustic volume backscattering strength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic volume backscattering strength is 10 times the log10 of the ratio of the volume backscattering coefficient to the reference value, 1 m-1. Volume backscattering coefficient is the integral of the backscattering cross-section divided by the volume sampled. Backscattering cross-section is a parameter computed from the intensity of the backscattered sound wave relative to the intensity of the incident sound wave. The parameter is computed to provide a measurement that is proportional to biomass density per unit volume in the field of fisheries acoustics. For further details see MacLennan et. al (2002) doi:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1158.
canonical units: 1

northward ocean heat transport due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: W

surface radioactivity content of 72Zn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Zn" means the element "zinc" and "72Zn" is the isotope "zinc-72" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 115mIn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "115mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.87e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea ice melt pond thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Melt ponds occur on top of the existing sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 129I
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "129I" is the isotope "iodine-129" with a half-life of 5.81e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sound intensity in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound intensity is the sound energy per unit time per unit area.
canonical units: W m-2

lwe thickness of snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area.
canonical units: m

depth at base of unfrozen ground
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase depth_at_base_of_unfrozen_ground is the instantaneous depth of the downward penetration of thaw from the ground surface at a given time. Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more consecutive years. The maximum measurable depth_at_base_of_unfrozen_ground value as recorded at the end of a thawing season corresponds to the permafrost_active_layer_thickness.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 222Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "222Rn" is the isotope "radon-222" with a half-life of 3.82e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of dinitrogen pentoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5.
canonical units: 1

asymmetry factor of ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The asymmetry factor is the angular integral of the aerosol scattering phase function weighted by the cosine of the angle with the incident radiation flux. The asymmetry coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 233Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "233Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-233" with a half-life of 2.70e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide abiotic analogue in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged.
canonical units: Pa

maximum over coordinate rotation of sea ice horizontal shear stress
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Axial stress is the symmetric component of the tensor representing the gradient of internal forces (e.g. in ice). Shear stress refers to off-diagonal element(s) of the stress tensor (a single element for horizontal shear stress). "Horizontal" refers to the local horizontal in the location of the sea ice, i.e., perpendicular to the local gravity vector. Each of the stress components is defined with respect to a frame of reference. "Coordinate rotation" refers to the range of all possible orientations of the frame of reference. The shear stress has a maximum value relative to one of these orientations. The second invariant of stress, often referred to as the maximum shear stress, is the maximum over coordinate rotations of the shear stress.
canonical units: N m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 241Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "241Am" is the isotope "americium-241" with a half-life of 1.67e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of hexachlorobiphenyl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. This structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: kg m-3

relative humidity
type: Standard Name
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 135I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "135I" is the isotope "iodine-135" with a half-life of 2.79e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of methyl hydroperoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface backwards scattering coefficient of radar wave
type: Standard Name
definition: The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeding pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 130Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "130Sn" is the isotope "tin-130" with a half-life of 2.57e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

toa instantaneous shortwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of nitrous oxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 133Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133Xe" is the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 5.28e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

effective radius of convective cloud snow particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upwelling longwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

platform yaw rate fore starboard
type: Standard Name
definition: "Yaw rate" is the rate of rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. "Fore starboard" indicates that positive values of yaw rate represent the front of the platform moving to the right as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_yaw_rate_fore_port should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_yaw_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

mass fraction of methanesulfonic acid dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 223Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "223Ra" is the isotope "radium-223" with a half-life of 1.14e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 139Ba
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "139Ba" is the isotope "barium-139" with a half-life of 5.77e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

soil mass content of inorganic nitrate expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The quantity with standard name soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrogen_expressed_as_nitrogen is the sum of the quantities with standard names soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_ammonium_expressed_as_nitrogen and soil_mass_content_of_inorganic_nitrate_expressed_as_nitrogen.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 247Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "247Cm" is the isotope "curium-247" with a half-life of 5.86e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of isoprene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

convective cloud area fraction in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole fraction of cfc11 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

physiological equivalent temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) is an equivalent air temperature of the actual thermal condition. It is the air temperature of a reference condition without wind and solar radiation at which the heat budget of the human body is balanced with the same core and skin temperature. Note that PET here is not potential evapotranspiration. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: degree_C

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to bergeron findeisen process from cloud liquid
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The Bergeron-Findeisen process is the conversion of cloud liquid water to cloud ice arising from the fact that water vapor has a lower equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice than it has with respect to liquid water at the same subfreezing temperature.
canonical units: s-1

compressive strength of sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Compressive strength" is a measure of the capacity of a material to withstand compressive forces. If compressive forces are exerted on a material in excess of its compressive strength, fracturing will occur. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: Pa m

mole fraction of benzene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of iron due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

ocean mixed layer thickness defined by sigma t
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_sigma_t_difference can be used to specify the sigma_t criterion that determines the layer thickness. Sigma-t of sea water is the density of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e. the surface) having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 103Ru
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "103Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-103" with a half-life of 3.95e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

sea water volume
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name "sea_water_volume" is the total volume of liquid seawater in the global oceans, including enclosed seas.
canonical units: m3

surface radioactivity content of 146Pr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "146Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-146" with a half-life of 1.68e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

bedrock altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. "Bedrock" is the solid Earth surface beneath land ice, ocean water or soil.
canonical units: m

stratosphere optical thickness due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-"optical_thickness") on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The stratosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the atmosphere layer between the tropopause and stratopause. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

sea surface wind wave mean period from variance spectral density second frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wind wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction, thus S1= integral(S dtheta). Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The second wave period, T(m2), is calculated as the square root of the ratio M(0)/M(2).
canonical units: s

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 111Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "111Ag" is the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 7.50e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

northward sea ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m s-1

mole concentration of propane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

northward ocean heat transport due to parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddy diffusive processes include diffusion along neutral directions in the interior of the ocean and horizontal diffusion in the surface boundary layer. The processes occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks.
canonical units: W

mole concentration of hydroxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol m-3

eastward sea ice displacement
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. An eastward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's longitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of nitrous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: 1

soil moisture content at field capacity
type: Standard Name
definition: "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used. The field capacity of soil is the maximum content of water it can retain against gravitational drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 136Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "136Cs" is the isotope "cesium-136" with a half-life of 1.30e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

model level number at top of atmosphere boundary layer
type: Standard Name
definition: Model level number should be understood as equivalent to layer number.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of aromatic compounds in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Aromatic compounds in organic chemistry are compounds that contain at least one benzene ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double covalent bonds. The simplest aromatic compound is benzene itself. In standard names "aromatic_compounds" is the term used to describe the group of aromatic chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aromatic species, e.g. benzene and xylene.
canonical units: 1

sea ice amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 126Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "126Sn" is the isotope "tin-126" with a half-life of 3.65e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of gaseous divalent mercury due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea ice basal temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The standard name sea_ice_basal_temperature means the temperature of the sea ice at its lower boundary. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 242Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "242Cm" is the isotope "curium-242" with a half-life of 1.63e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean mixed layer thickness defined by vertical tracer diffusivity deficit
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by temperature, sigma, sigma_theta, or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. The amount by which the quantity differs can be specified by a scalar coordinate variable.
canonical units: m

floating ice shelf area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". A "floating ice shelf", sometimes called a "floating ice sheet", indicates where an ice sheet extending from a land area flows over sea water.
canonical units: m2

northward momentum flux correction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: Pa

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with "specific_" instead of "volume_". The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths unless a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength" or "radiation_frequency" is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hcc140a due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

net upward shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 87Rb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "87Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-87" with a half-life of 1.71e+13 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water pressure at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present.
canonical units: dbar

photolysis rate of ozone to atomic singlet oxygen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The phrase "atomic_singlet_oxygen" means the singlet D state, an excited state, of the oxygen atom. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen. The combined photolysis rate of ozone to both excited and ground state oxygen atoms has the standard name photolysis_rate_of_ozone.
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere northward stress due to gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Atmosphere_Xward_stress is a stress which tends to accelerate the atmosphere in direction X.
canonical units: Pa

carbon mass flux into forestry and agricultural products due to anthropogenic land use or land cover change
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of noy expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol s-1

downwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of sulfur hexafluoride in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of sulfur hexafluoride is SF6.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of hydrogen sulfide in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of hydrogen sulfide is H2S.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to melting to cloud liquid water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere moles of peroxyacetyl nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl_nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: mol

sea water x velocity due to parameterized mesoscale eddies
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddies occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddies are represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. sea_water_x_velocity_due_to_parameterized_mesoscale_eddies is used in some parameterisations of lateral diffusion in the ocean.
canonical units: m s-1

vertical navigation clearance above waterway surface
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical navigation clearance" is the vertical distance between the surface of a navigable waterway and a hazard above it such as a bridge. It is a time-varying quantity because the clearance distance is due to all processes that change the position of either the surface or the hazard. "Waterway surface" means the upper boundary of any body of navigable water.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 149Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "149Sm" is the isotope "samarium-149" with a half-life of 3.65e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere level of free convection wrt surface
type: Standard Name
definition: The level of free convection is the altitude where the temperature of the environment decreases faster than the moist adiabatic lapse rate of a saturated air parcel at the same level. It is calculated by lifting a parcel of air dry adiabatically from the surface to the LCL (lifting condensation level), then moist adiabatically until the parcel temperature is equal to the ambient temperature.
canonical units: m

geostrophic eastward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of land ice mass due to surface mass balance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Mass balance" means the net rate at which ice is added. A negative value means loss of ice. The tendency in ice mass due to the surface mass balance is the spatial integral of the quantity with standard name land_ice_surface_specific_mass_balance_flux. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a string valued coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with a standard name of "region".
canonical units: kg s-1

sea ice area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Sea ice area fraction is area of the sea surface occupied by sea ice. It is also called "sea ice concentration". "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: 1

lwe convective precipitation rate
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Precipitation rate" means the depth or thickness of the layer formed by precipitation per unit time.
canonical units: m s-1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

mole fraction of organic nitrates in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Organic nitrates are nitrogen-containing compounds having the general formula RONO2, where R is an alkyl (or organic) group; "organic_nitrates" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 99Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "99Tc" is the isotope "technetium-99" with a half-life of 7.79e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 138Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "138Cs" is the isotope "cesium-138" with a half-life of 2.23e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 117mSn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "117mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-117" with a half-life of 1.40e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 96Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "96Nb" is the isotope "niobium-96" with a half-life of 9.75e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 242Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242Am" is the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 6.69e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 250Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "250Cf" is the isotope "californium-250" with a half-life of 4.75e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

platform sway rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sway rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Sway rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. The standard name platform_sway_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the sway rate is known, a standard name of platform_sway_rate_starboard or platform_sway_rate_port should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of chlorinated hydrocarbons due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides and chlorinated synthetics. In standard names "chlorinated_hydrocarbons" is the term used to describe the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for exampl…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass flux of carbon into litter from vegetation due to senescence
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The term "senescence" means loss of living biomass excluding plant death, e.g. leaf drop and other seasonal effects. The term refers to changes in the whole plant and is not confined only to leaf drop.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

backscattering ratio in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeding pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. "Backscattering ratio" is the ratio of the quantity with standard name volume_attenuated_backwards_scattering_function_in_air to the quantity with standard name volume_attenuated_backwards_scattering_function_in_air_assuming_no_aerosol_or_cloud.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 153Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "153Sm" is the isotope "samarium-153" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of pm1 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 226Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "226Th" is the isotope "thorium-226" with a half-life of 2.15e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

gross rate of increase in area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: The "rate of increase in area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell that transitions to a given area type per unit time, for example, as a result of land use changes. The quantity described by this standard name is a gross increase because it includes only land where the use transitions to the given area type and excludes land that transitions away from that area type during the same period. The area type should be specified using a coordinate or scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. There is also a standard name for gross_rate_of_decrease_in_area_fraction. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere mass content of peroxynitric acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

precipitation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of sea water salinity due to horizontal mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Horizontal mixing" means any horizontal transport other than by advection and parameterized eddy advection, usually represented as horizontal diffusion in ocean models. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by n…
canonical units: 1e-3 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from fossil fuel combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Fossil fuel combustion includes cement production and flaring of natural gas.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of flagellates expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Flagellates" are a class of single celled organisms that use a flagellum (whip-like structure) for feeding and locomotion. Some flagellates can photosynthesize and others feed on bacteria, with a few flagellates capable of both.
canonical units: kg m-3

graupel fall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except for the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of chlorine dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of ethanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: 1

thickness of liquid water cloud
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

surface microwave emissivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of pm2p5 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The mass concentration of liquid water takes into account all cloud droplets and liquid precipitation regardless of drop size or fall speed.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of hydrogen cyanide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasi…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of thermal energy content of surface snow due to rainfall temperature excess above freezing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Thermal energy is the total vibrational energy, kinetic and potential, of all the molecules and atoms in a substance. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The quantity with standard name tendency_of_thermal_energy_content_of_surface_snow_due_to_rainfall_temperature_excess_above_freezing is the heat energy carried by rainfall reaching the surface. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be carried by rainfall reaching the surface at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrainCpTrain, where Qrain is the mass flux of rainfall reaching the surface (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Train is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the rain water reaching the surface. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures ab…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere number content of aerosol particles due to turbulent deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_ " process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition.
canonical units: m-2 s-1

downwelling radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

atmosphere moles of hydroxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 119In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "119In" is the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.74e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 116mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "116mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 3.77e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 214Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "214Pb" is the isotope "lead-214" with a half-life of 1.86e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of methyl chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of organic carbon in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Organic carbon describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of propene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

eastward derivative of eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name eastward_derivative_of_eastward_wind is the derivative of the eastward component of wind with respect to distance in the eastward direction for a given atmospheric level. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: s-1

mass concentration of ammonia in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface downward mole flux of sulfur hexafluoride
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula of sulfur hexafluoride is SF6.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

sea surface height amplitude due to non equilibrium ocean tide
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are a significant contributor to the observed sea surface height; non equilibrium ocean tide refers to the long period ocean tide.
canonical units: m

eastward transformed eulerian mean air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of pm10 oxalate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the oxalate dianion is C2O4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-3

sea surface wave principal from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave direction in each frequency band, calculated from the second-order components of the wave directional spectrum. Since there is an ambiguity of 180 degrees in the calculation of Alpha2 (i.e. 90 degrees and 270 degrees result in equivalent spectra), the value closer to Alpha1 is selected. The full directional wave spectrum is described as a Fourier series: S = a0/2 + a1cos(theta) + b1sin(theta) + a2cos(2theta) + b2sin(2theta). The Fourier coefficients a1, b1, a2, & b2 can be converted to polar coordinates as follows: R1 = (SQRT(a1a1+b1b1))/a0, R2 = (SQRT(a2a2+b2b2))/a0, ALPHA1 = 270.0-ARCTAN(b1,a1), ALPHA2 = 270.0-(0.5*ARCTAN(b2,a2)+{0 or 180, whichever minimizes the difference between ALPHA1 and ALPHA2}). ALPHA2 is the principal wave direction, which is determined from the second-order Fourier coefficients. This spectral parameter is a separate quantity from the bulk parameter (MWDIR), which has the standard name sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degrees

sea ice x displacement
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. An x displacement is calculated from the difference in the moving object's grid x coordinate between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

mole fraction of hfc4310mee in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc4310mee is C5H2F10. The IUPAC name for hfc4310mee is 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane.
canonical units: 1

effective radius of stratiform cloud snow particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).
canonical units: m

sea water speed due to ekman drift
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Ekman drift" is the movement of a layer of water (the Ekman layer) due to the combination of wind stress at the sea surface and the Coriolis effect. Ekman drift is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Reference: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/the-oceans/content-section-4.3.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of mole concentration of particulate organic matter expressed as carbon in sea water due to remineralization
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Remineralization is the degradation of organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other micronutrients, which consumes oxygen and releases energy.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 214Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "214Po" is the isotope "polonium-214" with a half-life of 1.90e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of carbonate expressed as carbon at equilibrium with pure aragonite in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula of the carbonate anion is CO3 with an electrical charge of minus two. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. At a given salinity, the thermodynamic equilibrium is that between dissolved carbonate ion and solid aragonite. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of aceto nitrile in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: mol m-3

ocean mass content of dissolved inorganic carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass fraction of propane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of formaldehyde in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sensor band central radiation frequency
type: Standard Name
definition: sensor_band_central_radiation_frequency is the central frequency of a sensor's band, calculated as the first moment of the band's normalized spectral response function.
canonical units: s-1

mole fraction of atomic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical symbol of atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 215Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "215Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-215" with a half-life of 4.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.
canonical units: kg m-3

distance from geocenter
type: Standard Name
definition: A measure of distance from the Earth's geocenter, commonly used in satellite tracks.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 253Es in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "253Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-253" with a half-life of 2.05e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical production" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce a certain amount of the particular species. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species. The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. The chemical formula for atomic_singlet_oxygen is O1D. The chemical formula for water vapor is H2O. Here, the production of hydroxyl radical is equal to 2k[O1D][H2O], i.e., 2 hydroxyl radicals are formed from the reaction of O1D with H2O. For models that do not have O1D as a species, the production of hydroxyl radical may be represented differently but the chemical production should take account of the hydroxyl yield.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

shallow convective cloud base altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "cloud_base" refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. Shallow convective cloud is nonprecipitating cumulus cloud with a cloud top below 3000m above the surface produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Some atmosphere models differentiate between shallow and deep convection.
canonical units: m

surface downward mass flux of methane due to wetland biological consumption
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The precise conditions under which wetlands produce and consume methane can vary between models.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of inorganic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 82Br in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "82Br" is the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 1.47e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

virtual salt flux into sea water due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hexachlorobiphenyl due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface downwelling radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

brightness temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units)..
canonical units: K

mass concentration of elemental carbon in pm2p5 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, elemental carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 152mPm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 142mPr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 139Ba in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "139Ba" is the isotope "barium-139" with a half-life of 5.77e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of hcfc22
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer are used". The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface upward mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. he phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 94Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "94Y" is the isotope "yttrium-94" with a half-life of 1.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

cloud ice mixing ratio
type: Standard Name
definition: Cloud ice mixing ratio of a parcel of air is the ratio of the mass of ice to the mass of dry air.
canonical units: 1

geopotential height anomaly
type: Standard Name
definition: "anomaly" means difference from climatology. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface.
canonical units: m

change over time in thermal energy content of vegetation and litter and soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Thermal energy is the total vibrational energy, kinetic and potential, of all the molecules and atoms in a substance. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used.
canonical units: J m-2

tropopause air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole fraction of carbon monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

lwe stratiform snowfall rate
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 233Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "233Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-233" with a half-life of 2.70e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" i…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 251Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "251Cf" is the isotope "californium-251" with a half-life of 2.92e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 222Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "222Ra" is the isotope "radium-222" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of ethanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: kg m-3

downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and no aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

effective radius of convective cloud ice particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

soot content of surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea surface primary swell wave energy at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the energy of the most energetic waves within the primary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave. The phrase "wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave energy, describes the maximum value of the wave_variance_spectral_density within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: m2 s

surface radioactivity content of 113mAg
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "113mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 7.64e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 225Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "225Ra" is the isotope "radium-225" with a half-life of 1.48e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 77Ge
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77Ge" is the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 4.72e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of mass concentration of nitrogen dioxide in air due to emission from aviation
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2. The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 221Fr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "221Fr" is the isotope "francium-221" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of chlorine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 219Rn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "219Rn" is the isotope "radon-219" with a half-life of 4.64e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass ratio of moisture to dry soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name mass_ratio_of_moisture_to_dry_soil is also known as the water content of a soil or the wet-basis gravimetric moisture content. It is the ratio of the mass of water (liquid and solid) to the mass of the dried sample. The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

water potential evapotranspiration amount
type: Standard Name
definition: Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which evapotranspiration would occur under ambient conditions from a uniformly vegetated area when the water supply is not limiting. "Evapotranspiration" means all water vapor fluxes into the atmosphere from the surface: liquid evaporation, sublimation and transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). Amount means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitrous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

sinking mass flux of particulate biogenic silica in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Biogenic silica is a hydrated form of silica (silicon dioxide) with the chemical formula SiO2.nH2O sometimes referred to as opaline silica or opal. It is created by biological processes and in sea water it is predominantly the skeletal material of diatoms.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of specific humidity due to stratiform cloud and precipitation and boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: s-1

sea surface wave stokes drift y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing y. The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 162Gd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "162Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-162" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

convective rainfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

gap test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Timing/Gap test, which checks that data have been received within the expected time window and have the correct time stamp. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 131I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "131I" is the isotope "iodine-131" with a half-life of 8.07e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

geopotential height at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: Cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name "height", which is relative to the surface.
canonical units: m

water evaporation flux from soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methanesulfonic acid dry aerosol particles due to net chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of air temperature deficit
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The air temperature deficit is the air temperature threshold minus the air temperature, where only positive values are included in the integral. Its integral with respect to time is often called after its units of "degree-days". The air_temperature variable, which is the data variable of the integral should have a scalar coordinate variable or a size-one coordinate variable with the standard name of air_temperature_threshold, to indicate the threshold. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s

sinking mass flux of particulate matter in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 142mPr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 215At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "215At" is the isotope "astatine-215" with a half-life of 1.16e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of nitrogen due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Nitrogen" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

liquid water mass flux into soil due to surface snow melt
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen dioxide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethanol due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 112Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "112Pd" is the isotope "palladium-112" with a half-life of 8.37e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

convective rainfall rate
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere mass content of oxygenated hydrocarbons
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Oxygenated" means containing oxygen. "Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The altitude at top of atmosphere boundary layer is the elevation above sea level of the top of the (atmosphere) planetary boundary layer. The phrase "defined_by" provides the information of the tracer used for identifying the atmospheric boundary layer top. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "By ranging instrument" means that the backscattering is obtained through ranging techniques like lidar and radar.
canonical units: m

downwelling longwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W/m2

surface upwelling radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

brightness temperature anomaly
type: Standard Name
definition: The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. "anomaly" means difference from climatology. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 111mPd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 2.29e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean heat y transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y.
canonical units: W

surface radioactivity content of 86Rb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 1.87e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 149Nd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "149Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-149" with a half-life of 7.23e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of cfc113a
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

radioactivity concentration of 87Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "87Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-87" with a half-life of 1.71e+13 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 134Cs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134Cs" is the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 7.50e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of hcfc142b
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of ethene
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of mercury dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

geostrophic northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars.
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere mass content of nitrate dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of noy expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface geostrophic sea water y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_sea_water_y_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 151Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "151Pm" is the isotope "promethium-151" with a half-life of 1.18e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 133mXe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 2.26e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 146Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "146Ce" is the isotope "cerium-146" with a half-life of 9.86e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface downward eastward stress due to sea surface waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea surface waves" means the stress associated with form drag over sea surface waves.
canonical units: Pa

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubrica…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of inorganic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of cfc12 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of formic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-3

land ice basal temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The standard name land_ice_basal_temperature means the temperature of the land ice at its lower boundary. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 90Y
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90Y" is the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 2.67e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

multi variate test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Multi-variate test, which checks that values are reasonable when compared with related variables. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of pfc318 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for pfc318 is c-C4F8. The IUPAC name for pfc318 is octafluorocyclobutane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of acetic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere moles of hydrogen peroxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: mol

lwe thickness of convective snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area.
canonical units: m

product of lagrangian tendency of air pressure and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation. "Specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: Pa s-1

ocean tracer xy laplacian diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "xy diffusivity" means the lateral along_coordinate component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. xy diffusivities are used in some ocean models to counteract the numerical instabilities inherent in certain implementations of rotated neutral diffusion. "laplacian diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a Laplacian diffusion operator.
canonical units: m2 s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of iron due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 103Ru in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "103Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-103" with a half-life of 3.95e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface wave maximum height
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. The maximum wave height is the greatest trough to crest distance measured during the observation period.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 215At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "215At" is the isotope "astatine-215" with a half-life of 1.16e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of hydrogen peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alkenes due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain chemical double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. "Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n); "alkenes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkene species, e.g., ethene and propene.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 142Ce
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "142Ce" is the isotope "cerium-142" with a half-life of 1.82e+19 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of hexachlorobiphenyl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: 1

surface molecular oxygen partial pressure difference between sea water and air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for molecular oxygen is O2. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The partial pressure difference between sea water and air is positive when the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water is greater than the partial pressure in air.
canonical units: Pa

platform pitch fore up
type: Standard Name
definition: Pitch is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. "Fore up" indicates that positive values of pitch represent the front of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_fore_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

atmosphere mass content of limonene
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for limonene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene. Limonene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere mass content of cloud condensed water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

lwe stratiform precipitation rate
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Precipitation rate" means the depth or thickness of the layer formed by precipitation per unit time.
canonical units: m s-1

upward latent heat flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The latent heat flux is the exchange of heat across a surface on account of evaporation and condensation (including sublimation and deposition). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere moles of benzene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 105Ru
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "105Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-105" with a half-life of 1.85e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere moles of atomic chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 244mAm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "244mAm" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 128Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128Sb" is the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 3.75e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 133mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 2.26e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 129Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "129Sb" is the isotope "antimony-129" with a half-life of 1.81e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

convective cloud longwave emissivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "longwave" means longwave radiation.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere boundary layer thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: The atmosphere boundary layer thickness is the "depth" or "height" of the (atmosphere) planetary boundary layer.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 127Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127Te" is the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of formic acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of air temperature due to dissipation of nonorographic gravity waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Nonorographic" gravity waves refer to gravity waves which are not generated by flow over orography. The dissipation of gravity waves generates heating through an eddy heat flux convergence and through a viscous stress term. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

mole concentration of nitrate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means moles (amount of substance) per unit volume and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 82Br
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "82Br" is the isotope "bromine-82" with a half-life of 1.47e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of oxidized nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "Oxidized nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state greater than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward heat flux due to anthropogenic energy consumption
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. The heat flux due to anthropogenic energy consumption results from non-renewable human primary energy consumption, including energy use by vehicles, commercial and residential buildings, industry, and power plants. Primary energy refers to energy in natural resources, fossil and non-fossil, before conversion into other forms, such as electricity.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere mass content of ammonium dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of gaseous elemental mercury
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.
canonical units: mol s-1

convective cloud base altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_base refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 230Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "230Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-230" with a half-life of 1.77e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

acoustic signal roundtrip travel time in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name acoustic_signal_roundtrip_travel_time_in_sea_water is the time taken for an acoustic signal to propagate from the emitting instrument to a reflecting surface and back again to the instrument. In the case of an instrument based on the sea floor and measuring the roundtrip time to the sea surface, the data are commonly used as a measure of ocean heat content.
canonical units: s

surface radioactivity content of 239U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "239U" is the isotope "uranium-239" with a half-life of 1.63e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 134mXe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "134mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-134" with a half-life of 3.36e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

air temperature threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. Air temperature excess and deficit are calculated relative to the air temperature threshold. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: on-scale", meaning that the temperature is relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface downwelling photosynthetic photon spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. The direction ("up/downwelling") is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of aceto nitrile in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere optical thickness due to cloud
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Cloud" means the component of extinction owing to the presence of liquid or ice water particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

surface net downward longwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

water flux out of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity water_flux_out_of_sea_water is the quantity with standard name water_flux_into_sea_water multiplied by -1. "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux out of sea water is the freshwater leaving as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river outflow, sea-ice and any water flux relaxation(s) and correction(s) that may have been applied. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas invent…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of eastward wind due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

atmosphere moles of atomic nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: mol

net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon accumulated in miscellaneous living matter
type: Standard Name
definition: "Miscellaneous living matter" means all those parts of plants that are not leaf, stem, root or other separately named components. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of methyl chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of acetic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere mass content of sulfate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of nitrogen dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

gross production of biomass expressed as carbon by prokaryotes in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Gross production" means the rate of creation of biomass per unit volume with no correction for respiration. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Prokaryotes" means all Bacteria and Archaea excluding photosynthetic cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus or other separately named components of the prokaryotic population.
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 148Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "148Sm" is the isotope "samarium-148" with a half-life of 2.92e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 214Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "214Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-214" with a half-life of 1.37e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

effective radius of convective cloud rain particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model.
canonical units: m

air temperature lapse rate
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A lapse rate is the negative derivative of a quantity with respect to increasing height above the surface, or the (positive) derivative with respect to increasing depth. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to anthropogenic land use or land cover change
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrous acid due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave stokes drift northward velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.
canonical units: m s-1

mass fraction of sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

upward derivative of wind from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name upward_derivative_of_wind_from_direction is the derivative of wind from_direction with respect to height. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing ("wind_from_direction") (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing ("wind_to_direction") (eastward, southward, etc.). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: degree m-1

mass concentration of inorganic nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: 'Mass concentration' means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. 'Inorganic nitrogen' describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. 'Inorganic nitrogen' is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 92Y
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "92Y" is the isotope "yttrium-92" with a half-life of 1.47e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere upward relative vorticity
type: Standard Name
definition: Atmosphere upward relative vorticity is the vertical component of the 3D air vorticity vector. The vertical component arises from horizontal velocity only. "Relative" in this context means the vorticity of the air relative to the rotating solid earth reference frame, i.e. excluding the Earth's own rotation. In contrast, the quantity with standard name atmosphere_upward_absolute_vorticity includes the Earth's rotation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). A positive value of atmosphere_upward_relative_vorticity indicates anticlockwise rotation when viewed from above.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 236Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "236Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-236" with a half-life of 1.04e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles expressed as sulfur due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sinking mole flux of particulate organic nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. "Particulate organic nitrogen" means the sum of all organic nitrogen compounds, which are solid or which are bound to solid particles. "Organic nitrogen", when measured, always refers to all nitrogen incorporated in carbon compounds in the sample. Models may use the term to refer to nitrogen contained in specific groups of organic compounds in which case the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mole fraction of bromodichloromethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for bromodichloromethane is CHBrCl2. The IUPAC name is bromodichloromethane.
canonical units: mol mol-1

shallow convective precipitation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Some atmosphere models differentiate between shallow and deep convection. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface height bias due to sea surface roughness
type: Standard Name
definition: Altimeter pulses tend to be more strongly reflected by the troughs of sea surface waves than by the crests leading to a bias in the measured sea surface height. This quantity is commonly known as "sea state bias". "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m

northward water vapor transport across unit distance in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

change over time in canopy water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Canopy water is the water on the canopy. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen, i.e. ice and snow. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 148mPm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 4.14e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Nox" means nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

thermosteric change in mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: Thermosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in sea water density due to change in temperature i.e. thermal expansion. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. Zero mean sea level change is an arbitrary level. The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level and halosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level has the standard name steric_change_in_mean_sea_level.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 83Se in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "83Se" is the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 1.56e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

dvorak tropical cyclone current intensity number
type: Standard Name
definition: "Dvorak current intensity number" indicates the ranking of tropical cyclone strength (ranging from 1.0 to 8.0, increasing with storm intensity). The current intensity (CI) number is derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique based on satellite observations over time. The CI number maps to a maximum sustained 1-minute wind speed and is derived by applying a series of intensity constraints to previous Dvorak-calculated trends of the same storm. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of sulfuryl fluoride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for sulfuryl fluoride is SO2F2. Sulfuryl fluoride is the IUPAC name.
canonical units: 1

surface downwelling photosynthetic radiative flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

effective radius of stratiform cloud rain particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).
canonical units: m

mass fraction of alkanes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e. they do not contain any chemical double bonds. Alkanes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n+2); "alkanes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkane species, e.g., methane and ethane.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of nitrogen dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

ice cloud area fraction in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 129Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129Te" is the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 4.86e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 143La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "143La" is the isotope "lanthanum-143" with a half-life of 9.72e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 207Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "207Tl" is the isotope "thallium-207" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of phaeopigments in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: Concentration of phaeopigment per unit volume of the water body, where the filtration size or collection method is unspecified (equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/. "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Phaeopigments are a group of non-photosynthetic pigments that are the degradation product of algal chlorophyll pigments. Phaeopigments contain phaeophytin, which fluoresces in response to excitation light, and phaeophorbide, which is colorless and does not fluoresce (source: https://academic.oup.com/plankt/article/24/11/1221/1505482). Phaeopigment concentration commonly increases during the development phase of marine phytoplankton blooms, and declines in the post bloom stage (source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0967063793901018). "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of aceto nitrile
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: mol s-1

vegetation area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 79Se in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "79Se" is the isotope "selenium-79" with a half-life of 2.37e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 130mI
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "130mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 6.17e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

biological taxon name
type: Standard Name
definition: "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. The quantity with standard name biological_taxon_name is the human-readable label for the taxon such as Calanus finmarchicus. The label should be registered in either WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org) or ITIS (https://www.itis.gov/) and spelled exactly as registered. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.

thickness of soil surface organic layer
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth or height of the organic soil horizon (O or H horizons per the World Reference Base soil classification system), measured from the soil surface down to the mineral horizon. Organic layers are commonly composed of a succession of litter of recognizable origin, of partly decomposed litter, and of highly decomposed (humic) organic material.
canonical units: m

tendency of ocean mole content of carbon due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

number size distribution of aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The aerosol particle number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles as a function of particle diameter. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter, aerodynamic_particle_diameter, or optical_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific particle sizes selected by the indicated method. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection.
canonical units: m-3

surface radioactivity content of 245Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "245Cm" is the isotope "curium-245" with a half-life of 3.40e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

eastward momentum flux correction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. It is a tensor quantity. Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: Pa

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The altitude at top of atmosphere mixed layer is the elevation above sea level of the top of the (atmosphere) mixed layer or convective boundary layer. The phrase "defined_by" provides the information of the tracer used for identifying the atmospheric boundary layer top. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "By ranging instrument" means that the volume backscattering coefficient is obtained through ranging techniques like lidar and radar.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 227Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "227Ac" is the isotope "actinium-227" with a half-life of 7.87e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface secondary swell wave from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_secondary_swell_wave_from_direction is the direction from which the second most energetic swell waves are coming. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The secondary swell wave is the second most energetic wave in the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 123Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "123Sn" is the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 1.29e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

carbon mass flux into litter and soil due to anthropogenic land use or land cover change
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 145Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "145Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-145" with a half-life of 2.49e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of arsenic in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Arsenic means arsenic in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total arsenic". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea ice thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 106Rh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "106Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-106" with a half-life of 3.46e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of carbonate expressed as carbon at equilibrium with pure calcite in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula of the carbonate anion is CO3 with an electrical charge of minus two. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. At a given salinity, the thermodynamic equilibrium is that between dissolved carbonate ion and solid calcite. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 250Cf
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "250Cf" is the isotope "californium-250" with a half-life of 4.75e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ocean heat y transport due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W

surface radioactivity content of 102mTc
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 2.98e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea ice temperature expressed as heat content
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_ice_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content is calculated relative to the heat content of ice at zero degrees Celsius, which is assumed to have a heat content of zero Joules. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea ice multiplied by the temperature of the sea ice in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea ice the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: J m-2

downward heat flux at ground level in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: ground_level means the land surface (beneath the snow and surface water, if any). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere moles of nitric acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: mol

ocean isopycnal layer thickness diffusivity
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m2 s-1

sound intensity in water
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound intensity is the sound energy per unit time per unit area.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere moles of hypochlorous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: mol

growth limitation of calcareous phytoplankton due to solar irradiance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. Solar irradiance is essential to the photosynthesis reaction and its presence promotes the growth of phytoplankton populations. "Growth limitation due to solar irradiance" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where the amount of sunlight reaching a location may be limited) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on solar irradiance.
canonical units: 1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

northward eliassen palm flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eliassen Palm flux" is a widely used vector in the meridional plane, and the divergence of this flux appears as a forcing in the Transformed Eulerian mean formulation of the zonal mean zonal wind equation. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward).
canonical units: m3 s-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

surface upward mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen out of vegetation and litter and soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

water sublimation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavenumber
type: Standard Name
definition: "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 (m-1)-1

northward ocean salt transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice.
canonical units: kg s-1

sea surface wind wave mean period from variance spectral density inverse frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wind wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta). Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The inverse wave period, T(m-1), is calculated as the ratio M(-1)/M(0).
canonical units: s

westward westward derivative of geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.
canonical units: s-2

mass flux of carbon into litter from vegetation due to mortality
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The term "mortality" means the loss of living biomass due to plant death. It refers to the death of the whole plant, not only the leaves.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alkanes due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e. they do not contain any chemical double bonds. "Hydrocarbon" means a compound containing hydrogen and carbon. Alkanes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n+2); "alkanes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkane species, e.g., methane and ethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The term "fires" means all biomass fires, whether naturally occurring or ignited by humans. The quantity with standard name surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_fires is the sum of the quantities with standard names surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_vegetation_in_fires and surface_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_litter_in_fires.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

heat flux into sea water due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: W m-2

surface net downward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to all land processes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. The quantity with standard name surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes is equal to the difference between the quantities with standard names surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change and surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of cfc114
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

mole fraction of hcfc141b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of dissolved nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved nitrogen" means the sum of all nitrogen in solution: inorganic nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate and ammonium) plus nitrogen in carbon compounds.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of nitrogen monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

x wind gust
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed.
canonical units: m s-1

surface downward mass flux of 14C dioxide abiotic analogue expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of gaseous divalent mercury
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 216Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "216Po" is the isotope "polonium-216" with a half-life of 1.74e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

projection y angular coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Angular projection coordinates are angular distances in the x- and y-directions on a plane onto which the surface of the Earth has been projected according to a map projection. The relationship between the angular projection coordinates and latitude and longitude is described by the grid_mapping.
canonical units: radian

liquid water cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. "Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of cfc115 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer are used". The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of clox expressed as chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 231Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "231Th" is the isotope "thorium-231" with a half-life of 1.06e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, waste water handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name a…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 13N
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "N" means the element "nitrogen" and "13N" is the isotope "nitrogen-13" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass content of cloud ice in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 141Ce
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "141Ce" is the isotope "cerium-141" with a half-life of 3.30e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 240Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "240Am" is the isotope "americium-240" with a half-life of 2.12e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of sea ice amount due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling radiance per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen out of vegetation and litter and soil due to leaching and runoff
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Leaching" means the loss of water soluble chemical species from soil. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of dichlorine peroxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 83mSe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "83mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 8.10e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 112Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "112Ag" is the isotope "silver-112" with a half-life of 1.30e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume attenuated backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". The attenuated backwards scattering function includes the effects of two-way attenuation by the medium between a radar source and receiver. The volume scattering function is the fraction of incident radiative flux scattered into unit solid angle per unit path length. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeding pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity.
canonical units: m-1 sr-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 239U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "239U" is the isotope "uranium-239" with a half-life of 1.63e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of pm2p5 ammonium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4.
canonical units: 1

net rate of absorption of longwave energy in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.
canonical units: W m-2

surface upward heat flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of phytoplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Standard names also exist for the mole concentration of a number of components that make up the total phytoplankton population, such as diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton and miscellaneous phytoplankton.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 223Fr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "223Fr" is the isotope "francium-223" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 231U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "231U" is the isotope "uranium-231" with a half-life of 4.29e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 207mPb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "207mPb" is the metastable state of the isotope "lead-207" with a half-life of 9.26e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

downward water vapor flux in air due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land ice vertical mean x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The vertical mean land ice velocity is the average from the bedrock to the surface of the ice.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of carbon due to runoff and sediment dissolution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

sea surface wave mean period
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration.
canonical units: s

atmosphere obukhov length
type: Standard Name
definition: The height in the atmosphere, L, that buoyant production or destruction of turbulent energy balances the shear production of turbulent kinetic energy: L = -u*3 / (kB0), where u* is the wind frictional velocity, k is the von Karman constant, and B0 is the atmospheric surface buoyancy flux. If the buoyancy flux is destabilizing, L is negative.
canonical units: m

atmosphere mass per unit area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere number content of ice crystals
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: m-2

mole concentration of methyl peroxy radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface downwelling spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". The direction (up/downwelling) is specified. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has standard names of "omnidirectional spherical irradiance".
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of northward wind due to orographic gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Orographic gravity waves" refer to gravity waves which are generated by flow over orography. The quantity with standard name tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the total tendency of the northward wind due to gravity waves. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have the standard names tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_northward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively.
canonical units: m s-2

downward sea ice basal salt flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling photon flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 116In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "116In" is the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 1.64e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of carbon in pm1 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. Chemically, "carbon" is the total sum of elemental, organic, and inorganic carbon. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, inorganic carbon is neglected and its mass is assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

remote sensing averaging kernel of logarithm of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Logarithmic scale averaging kernels of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (Rodgers, 2020). These kernels are also called fractional averaging kernels (Keppens et al., 2015) They represent the fractional changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the fractional changes of methane in the true atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

shear strength of frozen soil
type: Standard Name
definition: Shear strength is the amount of force applied to a normal plane required to bring a frozen soil to failure along a tangential plane. Shear strength depends on the angle of friction and cohesion of the soil.
canonical units: Pa

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with "specific_" instead of "volume_". The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths unless a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength" or "radiation_frequency" is included to specify the wavelength. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity".
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 234Pa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 2.81e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to riming from cloud liquid water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Riming is the rapid freezing of supercooled water onto a surface. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 83Br in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "83Br" is the isotope "bromine-83" with a half-life of 1.00e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to gravitational settling
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of esters due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Esters in organic chemistry are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol. In standard names "esters" is the term used to describe the group of ester species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be acco…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean meridional overturning mass streamfunction due to parameterized submesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized submesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of the order of 1 km horizontally. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. There are also standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

surface radioactivity content of 60Co
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Co" means the element "cobalt" and "60Co" is the isotope "cobalt-60" with a half-life of 1.93e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass per unit area
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

soil water salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name soil_water_salinity is the salt content of soil water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand.
canonical units: 1e-3

change over time in sea water neutral density
type: Standard Name
definition: "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Neutral density" is a variable designed so that a surface of constant neutral density everywhere has a local slope that is close to the local slope of the neutral tangent plane. At the sea surface in the equatorial Pacific neutral density is very close to the potential density anomaly. At other locations, this is not the case. For example, along a neutral density surface there is a difference of up to 0.14 kg/m^3 in the potential density anomaly at the outcrops in the Southern and Northern hemispheres. Refer to Jackett & McDougall (1997; Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol 27, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2) for more information.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of potential energy content of ocean layer due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic nitrates due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. Organic nitrates are nitrogen-containing compounds having the general formula RONO2, where R is an alkyl (or organic) group; "organic nitrates" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 211Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "211Po" is the isotope "polonium-211" with a half-life of 6.03e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of alpha pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface net upward radiative flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface primary swell wave mean period
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_mean_period is the mean period of the most energetic swell waves. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration.
canonical units: s

radio signal roundtrip travel time in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Time it takes for a radio wave, that was transmitted by an instrument to propagate through the air to the volume of air where it is scattered and return back to an instrument. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities in the air). A standard name referring to time taken for a radio signal to propagate from the emitting instrument to a scattering volume and back to an instrument.
canonical units: s

dry soil density
type: Standard Name
definition: The density of the soil after oven drying until constant mass is reached. Volume is determined from the field sample volume. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of secondary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter" means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

wind to direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing (wind_from_direction) (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing (wind_to_direction) (eastward, southward, etc.) "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

thermal conductivity of frozen ground
type: Standard Name
definition: Thermal conductivity is the constant k in the formula q = -k grad T where q is the heat transfer per unit time per unit area of a surface normal to the direction of transfer and grad T is the temperature gradient. Thermal conductivity is a property of the material. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: W m-1 K-1

radioactivity concentration of 131mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.25e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere convective inhibition wrt surface
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective inhibition is the amount of energy per unit mass required to overcome the negatively buoyant energy exerted by the environment on a parcel of air. Convective inhibition is often abbreviated as "CIN" or "CINH". It is calculated by integrating the negative temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from the surface to its equilibrium level.
canonical units: J kg-1

ocean heat x transport due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: W

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 130mI in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "130mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 6.17e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

rainfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 162mTb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162mTb" is the metastable state of the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 9.30e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 113Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 3.29e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 215At
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "At" means the element "astatine" and "215At" is the isotope "astatine-215" with a half-life of 1.16e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere dry static energy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: J m-2

surface radioactivity content of 216At
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "At" means the element "astatine" and "216At" is the isotope "astatine-216" with a half-life of 3.47e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 156Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "156Sm" is the isotope "samarium-156" with a half-life of 3.91e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of chlorophyll c3 in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. The chemical formula of chlorophyll c3 is C36H44MgN4O7. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CHLC03PX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface upwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. The 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 133Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "133Te" is the isotope "tellurium-133" with a half-life of 8.68e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of dimethyl sulfide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of phytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Standard names also exist for the mass concentration of a number of components that make up the total phytoplankton population, such as diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton and miscellaneous phytoplankton. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms.
canonical units: kg m-3

upward dry static energy flux due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

water table depth
type: Standard Name
definition: Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. The water table is the surface below which the soil is saturated with water such that all pore spaces are filled.
canonical units: m

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by calcareous phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

vegetation mass content of 14C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface snow density
type: Standard Name
definition: Snow density is the density of the snow cover. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of cfc115
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

northward ocean heat transport due to overturning
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Northward transport by (meridional) overturning is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of zonal means of velocity and tracer. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W

tendency of atmosphere moles of peroxyacetyl nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, is CH3COO2NO2. The IUPAC name for peroxyacetyl_nitrate is nitroethaneperoxoate.
canonical units: mol s-1

sea surface wind wave mean period
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. Wave mean period is the mean period measured over the observation duration. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of radon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 125Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "125Sn" is the isotope "tin-125" with a half-life of 9.65e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water absolute salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Absolute Salinity, S_A, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). It is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Absolute Salinity incorporates the spatial variations in the composition of sea water. This type of Absolute Salinity is also called "Density Salinity". TEOS-10 estimates Absolute Salinity as the salinity variable that, when used with the TEOS-10 expression for density, yields the correct density of a sea water sample even when the sample is not of Reference Composition. In practice, Absolute Salinity is often calculated from Practical Salinity using a spatial lookup table of pre-defined values of the Absolute Salinity Anomaly. It is recommended that the version of (TEOS-10) software and the associated Absolute Salinity Anomaly climatology be specified within metadata by attaching a comment attribute to the data variable. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Millero et al., 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: g kg-1

number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei assuming reference relative humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. The cloud condensation nuclei number concentration is the total number of aerosol particles per unit volume independent of and integrated over particle size that act as condensation nuclei for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology.
canonical units: m-3

sea surface height above mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid.
canonical units: m

to direction of surface downward stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents.
canonical units: degree

surface roughness length
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of bromine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for bromine nitrate is BrONO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

lwe thickness of stratiform snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.
canonical units: m

sea ice y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m s-1

mole fraction of bromine chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hexachlorobiphenyl due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. The structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

nitrogen mass flux into litter from vegetation
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to deep convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

region
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of region contains either strings which indicate a geographical region or flags which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. These strings are standardised. Values must be taken from the CF standard region list.

mole concentration of aragonite expressed as carbon in sea water at saturation
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Mole concentration at saturation" means the mole concentration in a saturated solution. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of preformed dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means the number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the sum of CO3, HCO3 and H2CO3. The subduction and subsequent transport of surface water carry into the interior ocean considerable quantities of dissolved inorganic carbon, which is entirely independent of biological activity (such as organic decomposition and oxidation) after the water leaves the sea surface. Such dissolved inorganic carbon is termed “preformed” dissolved inorganic carbon (Redfield,1942).
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of sea salt dry aerosol particles expressed as cations in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The phrase "sea_salt_cation" is the term used in standard names to describe collectively the group of cationic species that occur in sea salt. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Sea salt cations are mainly sodium (Na+), but also include potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+) and rarer cations. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the ions represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-3

altitude at top of dry convection
type: Standard Name
definition: Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 149Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "149Pm" is the isotope "promethium-149" with a half-life of 2.21e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of acetic acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: mol s-1

product of northward wind and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-1

mass content of water in soil layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to gravitational settling
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 232Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "232Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-232" with a half-life of 1.31e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 245Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "245Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-245" with a half-life of 4.16e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

upward transformed eulerian mean air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 223Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "223Rn" is the isotope "radon-223" with a half-life of 2.98e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 95mNb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.61e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 125Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "125Sb" is the isotope "antimony-125" with a half-life of 9.97e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of carbon monoxide due to chemical destruction
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 217At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "217At" is the isotope "astatine-217" with a half-life of 3.70e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of chlorophyll c4 in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms.
canonical units: kg m-3

electrical mobility diameter of ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The diameter of an aerosol particle as selected by its electrical mobility. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: m

tendency of air temperature due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

sea ice mole content of nitrate
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole amount means moles of substance per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-. The "sea_ice content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: mol m-2

effective radius of convective cloud liquid water particles at convective liquid water cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. The phrase "convective_liquid_water_cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest convective liquid water cloud. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m

shallow convective cloud top altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. Shallow convective cloud is nonprecipitating cumulus cloud with a cloud top below 3000m above the surface produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Some atmosphere models differentiate between shallow and deep convection.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 123Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "123Sn" is the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 1.29e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of inorganic chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

forecast period
type: Standard Name
definition: Forecast period is the time interval between the forecast reference time and the validity time. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation.
canonical units: s

sea ice x transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg s-1

mole fraction of tribromomethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for tribromomethane is CHBr3. The IUPAC name is tribromomethane.
canonical units: mol mol-1

mass fraction of bromine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: 1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of mole concentration of silicon in sea water due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called"molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of eastward wind due to advection by northward transformed eulerian mean air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press.
canonical units: m s-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen monoxide due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to stratiform cloud and precipitation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. A variable with the standard name tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_stratiform_cloud_and_precipitation should contain net latent heating effects of all processes which convert stratiform clouds and precipitation between water vapor, liquid or ice phases. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 209Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "209Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-209" with a half-life of 7.29e+20 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of molecular hydrogen due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave mean period from variance spectral density inverse frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The inverse wave period, T(m-1), is calculated as the ratio M(-1)/M(0).
canonical units: s

atmosphere moles of propene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

rate of hydroxyl radical destruction due to reaction with nmvoc
type: Standard Name
definition: The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The rate of "hydroxyl radical destruction due to reaction with nmvoc" is the nmvoc reactivity with regard to reactions with OH. It is the weighted sum of the reactivity of all individual nmvoc species with OH. The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species. The abbreviation "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: s-1

wind speed
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 241Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "241Am" is the isotope "americium-241" with a half-life of 1.67e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe.
canonical units: mol

change over time in groundwater amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Water" means water in all phases. Groundwater is subsurface water below the depth of the water table. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 97mNb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of cloud ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface upwelling photosynthetic photon flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of halon1301
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol

platform roll starboard up
type: Standard Name
definition: Roll is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. "Starboard up" indicates that positive values of roll represent the right side of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_starboard_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

surface downwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

volume fraction of condensed water in soil at critical point
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. When soil moisture equals or exceeds the critical point, evapotranspiration takes place at the potential rate and is controlled by the ambient meteorological conditions (temperature, wind, relative humidity). Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which evapotranspiration would occur under ambient conditions from a uniformly vegetated area when the water supply is not limiting.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 238U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "238U" is the isotope "uranium-238" with a half-life of 1.65e+12 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

spell length of days with air temperature above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".
canonical units: day

surface radioactivity content of 81Se
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "81Se" is the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 1.28e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sesquiterpenes due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than on equal to one. Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. Terpenes are hydrocarbons. The term "sesquiterpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 86mRb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86mRb" is the metastable state of the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 7.04e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

upward y stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Upward y" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. An upward y-ward stress is an upward flux of momentum, which accelerates the upper medium in the positive y direction and the lower medium in the negative y direction.
canonical units: Pa

surface upward sensible heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.
canonical units: W m-2

wood debris mass content of carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wood debris" means dead organic matter composed of coarse wood. It is distinct from fine litter. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent.
canonical units: kg m-2

probability distribution of wind from direction over time
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "probability_distribution_of_X_over_Z" means that the data variable is a number in the range 0.0-1.0 for each range of X, where X varies over Z. The data variable should have an axis for X. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing ("wind_from_direction") (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing ("wind_to_direction") (eastward, southward, etc.).
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to accretion to snow
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y" where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Accretion is the growth of a hydrometeor by collision with cloud droplets or ice crystals.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 88Kr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "88Kr" is the isotope "krypton-88" with a half-life of 1.17e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 131Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131Te" is the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of chlorophyll b in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/CHLBXXPX/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of biogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Biogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by natural processes.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of prokaryotes expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Prokaryotes" means all Bacteria and Archaea excluding photosynthetic cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus or other separately named components of the prokaryotic population.
canonical units: mol m-3

northward ocean freshwater transport due to gyre
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Northward transport by the ocean gyre is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of deviations of velocity and tracer from their zonal means. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

surface radioactivity content of 89Kr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "89Kr" is the isotope "krypton-89" with a half-life of 2.20e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tropopause downwelling longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 125Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "125Sb" is the isotope "antimony-125" with a half-life of 9.97e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

apparent air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The quantity with standard name apparent_air_temperature is the perceived air temperature derived from either a combination of temperature and wind (which has standard name wind_chill_of_air_temperature) or temperature and humidity (which has standard name heat_index_of_air_temperature) for the hour indicated by the time coordinate variable. When the air temperature falls to 283.15 K or below, wind chill is used for the apparent_air_temperature. When the air temperature rises above 299.817 K, the heat index is used for apparent_air_temperature. For temperatures above 283.15 and below 299.817K, the apparent_air_temperature is the ambient air temperature (which has standard name air_temperature). References: https://digital.weather.gov/staticpages/definitions.php; WMO codes registry entry http://codes.wmo.int/grib2/codeflag/4.2/_0-0-21. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 142Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "142Ce" is the isotope "cerium-142" with a half-life of 1.82e+19 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of sea water temperature due to horizontal mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Horizontal mixing" means any horizontal transport other than by advection and parameterized eddy advection, usually represented as horizontal diffusion in ocean models. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know…
canonical units: K s-1

radioactivity concentration of 241Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "241Am" is the isotope "americium-241" with a half-life of 1.67e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea surface height above geopotential datum
type: Standard Name
definition: "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The "geopotential datum" is any estimated surface of constant geopotential used as a datum i.e. a reference level; for the geoid as a datum, specific standard names are available. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: m

magnitude of heat flux in sea water due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "magnitude_of_X" means magnitude of a vector X. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 245Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "245Cm" is the isotope "curium-245" with a half-life of 3.40e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sensor azimuth angle
type: Standard Name
definition: sensor_azimuth_angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the sensor and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise positive, starting from the reference direction. A comment attribute should be added to a data variable with this standard name to specify the reference direction. A standard name also exists for platform_azimuth_angle, where "platform" refers to the vehicle from which observations are made e.g. aeroplane, ship, or satellite. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle.
canonical units: degree

stratiform snowfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inv…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

solid precipitation flux containing single 2H
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Solid precipitation refers to the precipitation of water in the solid phase. Water in the atmosphere exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or vapor. The solid phase can exist as snow, hail, graupel, cloud ice, or as a component of aerosol. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "H" means the element "hydrogen" and "2H" is the stable isotope "hydrogen-2", usually called "deuterium". The construction "X_containing_single_Y" means the standard name refers to only that part of X composed of molecules containing a single atom of isotope Y.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhou…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave stokes drift eastward velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.
canonical units: m s-1

sea surface wave directional variance spectral density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface wave directional variance spectral density is the variance of the amplitude of the waves within given ranges of direction and wave frequency.
canonical units: m2 s rad-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 215Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "215Po" is the isotope "polonium-215" with a half-life of 2.06e-08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of butane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 137Cs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "137Cs" is the isotope "cesium-137" with a half-life of 1.10e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

change in sea floor height above reference ellipsoid due to ocean tide loading
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface height is a time-varying quantity. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are a significant contributor to the observed sea surface height. The load tidal component of sea surface height describes the variability of the sea surface due to the deformation of the Earth because of the weight of the water masses displaced by ocean tides.
canonical units: m

atmosphere moles of cfc12
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol

water volume transport into sea water from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: m3 s-1

mole fraction of halon1301 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 113Cd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 3.29e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 235Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "235Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-235" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of peroxynitric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

square of sea surface height above geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean). In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. To specify which geoid or geopotential datum is being used as a reference level, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention. By definition of the geoid, the global average of the time-mean sea surface height (i.e. mean sea level) above the geoid must be zero.
canonical units: m2

tendency of sea water alkalinity expressed as mole equivalent due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. sea_water_alkalinity_expressed_as_mole_equivalent is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

sea surface wave variance spectral density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface wave variance spectral density is the variance of wave amplitude within a range of wave frequency.
canonical units: m2 s

mass fraction of atomic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name concentration_of_colored_dissolved_organic_matter_in_sea_water_expressed_as_equivalent_mass_fraction_of_quinine_sulfate_dihydrate is also commonly known as Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM). CDOM plays an important role in the carbon cycling and biogeochemistry of coastal waters. It occurs naturally in aquatic environments primarily as a result of tannins released from decaying plant and animal matter, which can enter coastal areas in river run-off containing organic materials leached from soils. When present in high concentrations, it imparts a brown or yellowish color to water. Its presence can negatively impact fish populations by reducing dissolved oxygen concentrations to harmful levels and by releasing nutrients and metals that contaminate the water. Increased understanding of the role of CDOM will further our ability to manage and protect coastal ecosystems. Sensors are commonly calibrated against a 100 parts per billion (ppb) quinine sulfate dihydrate solution, a fluorescent reference standard commonly used with CDOM sensors. CDOM sensors therefore report in "QSDE" (quinine sulfate dihydrate equivalents). It is important to note, however, that CDOM concentrations in QSDE are not necessarily equivalent to the in situ CDOM concentrations in ppb.
canonical units: 1

ocean tracer diffusivity due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: m2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 225Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "225Ac" is the isotope "actinium-225" with a half-life of 1.00e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

bedrock altitude change due to isostatic adjustment
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level. "Bedrock" is the solid Earth surface beneath land ice, ocean water or soil. The zero of bedrock altitude change is arbitrary. Isostatic adjustment is the vertical movement of the lithosphere due to changing surface ice and water loads.
canonical units: m

sea water speed due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of gaseous elemental mercury due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 73Ga in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ga" means the element "gallium" and "73Ga" is the isotope "gallium-73" with a half-life of 2.03e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 135Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135Cs" is the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 8.39e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to homogeneous nucleation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Homogeneous nucleation occurs when a small number of water molecules combine to form a freezing or condensation nucleus.
canonical units: s-1

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming no aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of atomic nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole fraction of dichlorine peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: 1

water potential evaporation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) Potential evaporation is the rate at which evaporation would take place under unaltered ambient conditions (temperature, relative humidity, wind, etc.) if the supply of water were unlimited, as if from an open water surface. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

canadian fire weather index
type: Standard Name
definition: The Canadian Fire Weather Index (CFWI) is a numerical rating of potential frontal fire intensity from the Canadian Forest Fire Index System. It indicates fire intensity by combining the rate of spread with the amount of fuel being consumed and is also used for general public information about fire danger conditions. It is a function of wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation. The calculation accounts for multiple layers of flammable material on the ground as well as fine fuels above the surface, combined with the expected rate of spread of fire. The index is open ended.
canonical units: 1

ocean mixed layer thickness defined by vertical tracer diffusivity threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The diffusivity threshold should be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of ocean_vertical_tracer_diffusivity.
canonical units: m

integral wrt height of product of eastward wind and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". Height is the vertical distance above the surface. The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity".) "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: m2 s-1

mass concentration of organic detritus expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Organic detritus are particles of debris from decaying plants and animals.
canonical units: kg m-3

minus one times surface upwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Minus one times" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

moles of particulate matter expressed as carbon per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MDMAP011/4/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

surface radioactivity content of 116In
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "116In" is the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 1.64e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sinking mass flux of particulate nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 246Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "246Cm" is the isotope "curium-246" with a half-life of 2.01e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere moles of hypobromous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: mol

surface radioactivity content of 243Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "243Cm" is the isotope "curium-243" with a half-life of 1.17e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of hcfc22 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 228Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "228Th" is the isotope "thorium-228" with a half-life of 6.98e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 152mPm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 93Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "93Y" is the isotope "yttrium-93" with a half-life of 4.24e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of molecular hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol m-3

convective cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

moles of particulate organic matter expressed as nitrogen per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol kg-1

specific heat capacity of frozen ground
type: Standard Name
definition: Thermal capacity, or heat capacity, is the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of material by 1 K. It is a property of the material. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: J kg-1 K-1

tendency of specific humidity due to stratiform cloud and precipitation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. A variable with the standard name of tendency_of_specific_humidity_due_to_stratiform_cloud_and_precipitation should contain the effects of all processes which convert stratiform clouds and precipitation to or from water vapor.
canonical units: s-1

mass concentration of drizzle in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Drizzle" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter typically in the range 0.2-0.5 mm.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of air temperature due to shortwave heating from volcanic ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

radioactivity concentration of 119mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "119mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean vertical diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical diffusivity" means the vertical component of diffusivity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon natural analogue in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface brightness temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling longwave radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

tendency of enthalpy content of atmosphere layer due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

sea surface wave mean wavelength from variance spectral density inverse wavenumber moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,k,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), k is wavenumber and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. Wavenumber is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit distance. Wavenumber moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 k^n dk), where k^n is k to the power of n. The inverse wave wavenumber, k(m-1), is calculated as the ratio M(-1)/M(0). The wavelength is the horizontal distance between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 148mPm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148mPm" is the metastable state of the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 4.14e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

beaufort wind force
type: Standard Name
definition: "Beaufort wind force" is an index assigned on the Beaufort wind force scale and relates a qualitative description of the degree of disturbance or destruction caused by wind to the speed of the wind. The Beaufort wind scale varies between 0 (qualitatively described as calm, smoke rises vertically, sea appears glassy) (wind speeds in the range 0 - 0.2 m s-1) and 12 (hurricane, wave heights in excess of 14 m) (wind speeds in excess of 32.7 m s-1).
canonical units: 1

platform azimuth angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Platform azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between the line of sight from the observation point to the platform and a reference direction at the observation point, which is often due north. The angle is measured clockwise positive, starting from the reference direction. A comment attribute should be added to a data variable with the standard name platform_azimuth_angle to specify the reference direction. A standard name also exists for sensor_azimuth_angle. For some viewing geometries the sensor and the platform cannot be assumed to be close enough to neglect the difference in calculated azimuth angle. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

mass fraction of primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

modis cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: The MODIS cloud area fraction is diagnosed from atmosphere model output by the MODIS simulator software in such a way as to be comparable with the observational diagnostics of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). Cloud area fraction is also called “cloud amount” and “cloud cover.” As seen from above, mean fraction of grid column occupied by cloud of optical depths and heights specified by the tau and pressure intervals given above. Dimensions of the histogram are cloud top pressure and cloud optical depth. To distinguish that these are cloud area fractions as seen by a specific satellite instrument simulator, not the same as cloud area fractions diagnosed by the native model, the prefix format of satellite name_ is employed. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion.
canonical units: 1

upward eastward momentum flux in air due to orographic gravity waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward momentum flux is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to nonorographic gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to eastward and westward propagating waves. These quantities have the standard names upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_eastward_gravity_waves and upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_westward_gravity_waves, respectively.
canonical units: Pa

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 149Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "149Sm" is the isotope "samarium-149" with a half-life of 3.65e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water redistributed potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_water_redistributed_potential_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model which is subject to an externally imposed perturbative surface heat flux. The passive tracer is initialised to the potential temperature in the control climate before the perturbation is imposed. Its surface flux is the heat flux from the atmosphere, not including the imposed perturbation, and is converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were being added to potential temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were potential temperature. The passive tracer records redistributed heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: degree_C

tendency of mole concentration of ox in air due to chemical destruction
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The term "ox" means a combination of three radical species containing 1 or 3 oxygen atoms: O + O1d + O3. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 230Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "230Th" is the isotope "thorium-230" with a half-life of 2.92e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to turbulent deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 102mTc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102mTc" is the metastable state of the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 2.98e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

source
type: Standard Name
definition: An auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of source contains string values which describe the method of production of the original data with which the coordinate variable is associated. If the data were model-generated, source should name the model and its version, as specifically as could be useful. If the data are observational, source should characterize them (e.g., "surface observation", "radiosonde"). The use of source as the standard name for an auxiliary coordinate variable permits the aggregation of data from multiple sources within a single data file.

tendency of mass content of water vapor in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 54Mn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mn" means the element "manganese" and "54Mn" is the isotope "manganese-54" with a half-life of 3.12e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of ethyne in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: kg m-3

heat flux into sea water due to iceberg thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. " Iceberg thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.
canonical units: W m-2

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon due to heterotrophic respiration in litter
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on within both the soil and litter pools.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

shallow convection time fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Time fraction" means a fraction of a time interval. The interval in question must be specified by the values or bounds of the time coordinate variable associated with the data. "X_time_fraction" means the fraction of the time interval during which X occurs.
canonical units: 1

burned area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". "Burned area" means the area of burned vegetation.
canonical units: m2

atmosphere moles of carbon monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol

mole fraction of inorganic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of bromine containing source gases (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: 1

surface upward mass flux of methane due to emission from wetland biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The precise conditions under which wetlands produce and consume methane can vary between models.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface net downward mass flux of ammonia due to bidirectional surface exchange
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward mass flux is the difference between downward_mass_flux and upward_mass_flux. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Bidirectional surface exchange" is the exchange of a chemical species between the atmosphere and biosphere as simulated by bidirectional surface flux models. It refers to exchange through stomata and soil surfaces and is the net result of emission and dry deposition. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tropopause net downward longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 254Es in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 2.76e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of cfc12 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave mean square y slope
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave slope describes an aspect of sea surface wave geometry related to sea surface roughness. Mean square slope describes a derivation over multiple waves within a sea-state, for example calculated from moments of the wave directional spectrum. The phrase "y_slope" indicates that slope values are derived from vector components along the grid y-axis.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of sulfate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Mass_fraction_of_sulfate" means that the mass is expressed as mass of SO4. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: 1

isotropic radiance per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. If radiation is isotropic, the radiance is independent of direction, so the direction should not be specified. If the radiation is directionally dependent, a standard name of upwelling or downwelling radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

radioactivity concentration of 237Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "237Np" is the isotope "neptunium-237" with a half-life of 7.79e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea water ph reported on total scale
type: Standard Name
definition: 'sea_water_pH_reported_on_total_scale' is the measure of acidity of seawater, defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions plus bisulfate ions in a sea water medium; it can be measured or calculated; when measured the scale is defined according to a series of buffers prepared in artificial seawater containing bisulfate. The quantity may be written as pH(total) = -log([H+](free) + [HSO4-]).
canonical units: 1

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to nitrate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: 1

northward derivative of eastward sea ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. The named quantity is a component of the strain rate tensor for sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: s-1

radioactivity concentration of 130I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "130I" is the isotope "iodine-130" with a half-life of 5.18e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of aldehydes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Aldehydes are organic compounds with a CHO group; "aldehydes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for formaldehyde as the simplest member of the aldehydes group.
canonical units: 1

downward heat flux in sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of diazotrophic phytoplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass fraction of inorganic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of molecular hydrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

nfdrs 100 hour fuel moisture
type: Standard Name
definition: 100 hour fuel moisture (FM100) represents the modeled moisture content of dead fuels in the 1 to 3 inch diameter class. It can also be used as a very rough estimate of the average moisture content of the forest floor from three-fourths inch to 4 inches below the surface. The 100-hour timelag fuel moisture is a function of length of day (as influenced by latitude and calendar date), maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity, and precipitation duration in the previous 24 hours. It is a component in the US National Fire Danger Rating System. The US National Fire Danger Rating System comprises several numeric indexes that rate the potential over a large area for wildland fires to ignite, spread, and require action to suppress or manage. It was designed for use in the continental United States, and all its components are relative, not absolute.
canonical units: %

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 78Ge in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "78Ge" is the isotope "germanium-78" with a half-life of 6.03e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of carbon dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 134mI in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "134mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 2.50e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of peroxyacetyl nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

surface upwelling radiance in air reflected by sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to deposition and sublimation
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. Deposition is the opposite of sublimation, i.e. it is the conversion of vapor into solid. Deposition is distinct from the processes of dry deposition and wet deposition of atmospheric aerosol particles, which are referred to in some standard names. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 229Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "229Ac" is the isotope "actinium-229" with a half-life of 4.58e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere mass content of bromine chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of cfc11 in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 111mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "111mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 8.56e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 107mPd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.47e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of aceto nitrile
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

air equivalent potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The "equivalent potential temperature" is a thermodynamic quantity, with its natural logarithm proportional to the entropy of moist air, that is conserved in a reversible moist adiabatic process. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Equivalent_potential_temperature. It is the temperature of a parcel of air if all the moisture contained in it were first condensed, releasing latent heat, before moving the parcel dry adiabatically to a standard pressure, typically representative of mean sea level pressure. To specify the standard pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mass concentration of nox expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-3

troposphere mole content of nitrogen dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitrogen_dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol m-2

downwelling photosynthetic photon flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 236Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "236Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-236" with a half-life of 1.04e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

isotropic shortwave radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. If radiation is isotropic, the radiance is independent of direction, so the direction should not be specified. If the radiation is directionally dependent, a standard name of upwelling or downwelling radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

transpiration flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean mass content of dissolved organic carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Organic carbon describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of nanophytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Nanophytoplankton are phytoplankton between 2 and 20 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

photolysis rate of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: "Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen. The quantity with standard name photolysis_rate_of_ozone is the rate of photolytic loss of ozone, including all possible photolysis channels to form ground state atomic oxygen (O3P ) and excited (singlet D) atomic oxygen (O1D). Photolysis to the excited state only has the standard name photolysis_rate_of_ozone_to_atomic_singlet_oxygen.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 206Hg
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Hg" means the element "mercury" and "206Hg" is the isotope "mercury-206" with a half-life of 5.57e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of nitrate radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

downwelling photon radiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 m-1 sr-1

surface radioactivity content of 128Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128Sb" is the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 3.75e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 222Fr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "222Fr" is the isotope "francium-222" with a half-life of 1.03e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonium dry aerosol particles due to net chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result (calculated as production minus destruction) of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce or destroy a particular species. The chemical formula for the ammonium cation is NH4+.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

water evaporation amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".)
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhous…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 210Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "210Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-210" with a half-life of 5.01e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of isoprene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

sea surface wave energy flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Wave energy flux, or wave power, is the average rate of transfer of wave energy through a vertical plane of unit width perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. It should be understood as omnidirectional, or as the sum of all wave power components regardless of direction. In deep water conditions, the wave energy flux can be obtained with the water density, the wave significant height and the energy period.
canonical units: W m-1

radioactivity concentration of 210Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "210Tl" is the isotope "thallium-210" with a half-life of 9.02e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of molecular hydrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of acetaldehyde due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for acetaldehyde is CH3CHO. The IUPAC name for acetaldehyde is ethanal.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The surface temperature is the temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies. In order to convert the units correctly, it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference. Therefore this standard strongly recommends that any variable whose units involve a temperature unit should also have a units_metadata attribute to make the distinction. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of land ice mass due to calving
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The tendency in ice mass due to calving is the spatial integral of the quantity named land_ice_specific_mass_flux_due_to_calving. The geographical extent over which the quantity is calculated is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region".
canonical units: kg s-1

canopy resistance to ozone dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The "canopy_resistance" is the resistance of a compound to uptake by the vegetation canopy. It varies both with the surface and the chemical species or physical state (gas or particle). Canopy resistance is a function of the canopy stomatal resistance (Rstom), the canopy cuticle resistance (Rcuticle), and the soil resistance (Rsoil). In the case of ozone the uptake by the cuticle is small compared to the uptake through the stomata. Reference: Kerstiens and Lendzian, 1989. This means that the cuticle transfer pathway can be neglected in model parameterizations. Reference: Ganzeveld and Jos Lelieveld , 1995, doi/10.1029/95JD02266/pdf. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: m-1 s

atmosphere optical thickness due to pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

platform speed wrt ground
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. The abbreviation "wrt" means with respect to. The platform speed with respect to ground is relative to the solid Earth beneath it, i.e. the sea floor for a ship. It is often called the "ground speed" of the platform. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

mass fraction of toluene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon dioxide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

nfdrs energy release component
type: Standard Name
definition: The Energy Release Component (ERC) is a number related to the available energy per unit area within the flaming front at the head of a fire. It is usually given in BTU ft-2. Daily variations in ERC are due to changes in moisture content of the various fuels present, both live and dead. It may also be considered a composite fuel moisture value as it reflects the contribution that all live and dead fuels have to potential fire intensity. Energy Release Component is a cumulative index. The scale is open-ended and relative. Energy Release Component values depend on the fuel model input into the calculations and interpretation of precise values varies with ecology and region. It is an index in the US National Fire Danger Rating System. The US National Fire Danger Rating System comprises several numeric indexes that rate the potential over a large area for wildland fires to ignite, spread, and require action to suppress or manage. It was designed for use in the continental United States, and all its components are relative, not absolute.
canonical units: J m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 208Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "208Tl" is the isotope "thallium-208" with a half-life of 2.15e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of chlorine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of methanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 227Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "227Ra" is the isotope "radium-227" with a half-life of 2.87e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

land ice surface specific mass balance rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. Specific mass balance means the net rate at which ice is added at the land ice surface due to all processes of surface accumulation and ablation. A negative value means loss of ice.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 214Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "214Po" is the isotope "polonium-214" with a half-life of 1.90e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface temperature anomaly
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "anomaly" means difference from climatology. The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 240U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "240U" is the isotope "uranium-240" with a half-life of 5.99e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

downward x stress correction at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. A downward x stress is a downward flux of momentum towards the positive direction of the model's x-axis. A positive correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of ocean mole content of inorganic carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface geostrophic sea water x velocity assuming mean sea level for geoid
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. (The volume enclosed between the geoid and the sea floor equals the mean volume of water in the ocean.) In an ocean GCM the geoid is the surface of zero depth, or the rigid lid if the model uses that approximation. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid is the variable part of surface_geostrophic_sea_water_x_velocity. The assumption that sea level is equal to the geoid means that the stationary component of ocean circulation is equal to zero.
canonical units: m s-1

volume fraction of oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration in miscellaneous living matter
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. "Miscellaneous living matter" means all those parts of plants that are not leaf, stem, root or other separately named components.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of carbon tetrafluoride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for carbon tetrafluoride, also called PFC14, is CF4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrafluoride is tetrafluoromethane.
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of silicon due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

outgoing water volume transport along river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: m3 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation.
canonical units: s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 155Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "155Sm" is the isotope "samarium-155" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

carbon mass transport in river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: The amount of total carbon mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. This quantity can be provided at a certain location within the river network and floodplain (over land) or at the river mouth (over ocean) where the river enters the ocean. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg s-1

magnitude of derivative of position wrt x coordinate index
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name magnitude_of_derivative_of_position_wrt_x_coordinate_index (known in differential geometry as a "scale factor") is | (dr/di)jk|, where r(i,j,k) is the vector 3D position of the point with coordinate indices (i,j,k). It is a measure of the gridblock spacing in the x-direction.
canonical units: m

square of northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "square_of_X" means X*X. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m2 s-2

sea surface temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface temperature is usually abbreviated as "SST". It is the temperature of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any). More specific terms, namely sea_surface_skin_temperature, sea_surface_subskin_temperature, and surface_temperature are available for the skin, subskin, and interface temperature. respectively. For the temperature of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of sea_water_temperature with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to cloud microphysics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Cloud microphysics" is the sum of many cloud processes such as condensation, evaporation, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, deposition, sublimation, the Bergeron-Findeisen process, riming, accretion, aggregation and icefall. The precise list of processes that are included in "cloud microphysics" can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the processes included, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names also exist to describe the tendencies due to the separate processes.
canonical units: s-1

square of eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "square_of_X" means X*X. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m2 s-2

radioactivity concentration of 151Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "151Pm" is the isotope "promethium-151" with a half-life of 1.18e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 115Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "115Ag" is the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.46e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 153Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "153Sm" is the isotope "samarium-153" with a half-life of 1.94e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sunglint angle
type: Standard Name
definition: The angle between an incident beam of solar radiation and the outgoing beam specularly reflected at a sea surface.
canonical units: rad

mass concentration of absorption equivalent black carbon of pm10 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The absorption equivalent black carbon mass concentration is obtained by conversion from the particle light absorption coefficient with a suitable mass absorption cross-section. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface snow and ice refreezing flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Surface snow and ice refreezing flux" means the mass flux of surface meltwater which refreezes within the snow or firn. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of nitrate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-3

x derivative of ocean rigid lid pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "component_derivative_of_X" means the derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. x_derivative_of_ocean_rigid_lid_pressure means (d/dx) of the ocean surface pressure, as derived by a rigid lid approximation, keeping the other horizontal coordinate (y, presumably) constant.
canonical units: Pa m-1

liquid water content of soil layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 115mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "115mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.87e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of elemental nitrogen due to denitrification and sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Denitrification" is the conversion of nitrate into gaseous compounds such as nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen which are then emitted to the atmosphere. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 137mBa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "137mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-137" with a half-life of 1.77e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface diffuse downwelling photosynthetic radiative flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

downwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of peroxy radicals in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The term "peroxy_radicals" means all organic and inorganic peroxy radicals. This includes HO2 and all organic peroxy radicals, sometimes referred to as RO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 129mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 3.34e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as manganese in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere moles of nitrous acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: mol

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 228Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "228Th" is the isotope "thorium-228" with a half-life of 6.98e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

aerodynamic resistance
type: Standard Name
definition: The "aerodynamic_resistance" is the resistance to mixing through the boundary layer toward the surface by means of the dominant process, turbulent transport. Reference: Wesely, M. L., 1989, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4.
canonical units: m-1 s

mass fraction of cloud condensed water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

water evapotranspiration flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Water means water in all phases. "Evapotranspiration" means all water vapor fluxes into the atmosphere from the surface: liquid evaporation, sublimation and transpiration. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

dry energy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: J m-2

ocean vertical momentum diffusivity due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of the diffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components.
canonical units: m2 s-1

integral wrt time of surface downwelling longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

soil temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Soil temperature is the bulk temperature of the soil, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Soil" means the near-surface layer where plants sink their roots. For subsurface temperatures that extend beneath the soil layer or in areas where there is no surface soil layer, the standard name temperature_in_ground should be used. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

ocean mass x transport due to advection and parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

number size distribution of cloud condensation nuclei in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The cloud condensation nuclei number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles as a function of particle diameter, where the particle acts as condensation nucleus for liquid-phase clouds. A coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity should be specified to indicate that the property refers to a specific supersaturation with respect to liquid water. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific mobility particle sizes. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. The ability of a particle to act as a condensation nucleus is determined by its size, chemical composition, and morphology.
canonical units: m-3

atmosphere mass content of hydrogen peroxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of water vapor in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of water vapor is H2O.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 86Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "86Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-86" with a half-life of 1.87e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 127Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "127Sb" is the isotope "antimony-127" with a half-life of 3.80e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 91Sr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "91Sr" is the isotope "strontium-91" with a half-life of 3.95e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x.
canonical units: m s-1

potential energy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.)
canonical units: J m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas in…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

cloud top altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

atmosphere stability total totals index
type: Standard Name
definition: The atmosphere_stability_total_totals_index indicates thelikelihood of severe convection and is often referred to as simply thetotal totals index. The index is derived from the difference in airtemperature between 850 and 500 hPa (the vertical totals) and thedifference between the dew point temperature at 850 hPa and the airtemperature at 500 hPa (the cross totals). The vertical totals and crosstotals are summed to obtain the index. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of xylene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of clox expressed as chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Clox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic chlorine compounds with the exception of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). "Clox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_chlorine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: 1

difference between sea surface temperature and air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface temperature is usually abbreviated as "SST". It is the temperature of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any), not the skin or interface temperature, whose standard names are sea_surface_skin_temperature and surface_temperature, respectively. For the temperature of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of "sea_water_temperature" with a vertical coordinate axis should be used. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mass concentration of hydrogen cyanide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: kg m-3

virtual salt flux into sea water from rivers
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water_due_to_process is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_process. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 111Pd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "111Pd" is the isotope "palladium-111" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tropopause net downward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of cfc114
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of brox expressed as bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 142La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "142La" is the isotope "lanthanum-142" with a half-life of 6.42e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)) are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 89Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "89Kr" is the isotope "krypton-89" with a half-life of 2.20e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

toa net upward longwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water neutral density
type: Standard Name
definition: "Neutral density" is a variable designed so that a surface of constant neutral density everywhere has a local slope that is close to the local slope of the neutral tangent plane. At the sea surface in the equatorial Pacific neutral density is very close to the potential density anomaly. At other locations, this is not the case. For example, along a neutral density surface there is a difference of up to 0.14 kg/m^3 in the potential density anomaly at the outcrops in the Southern and Northern hemispheres. Refer to Jackett & McDougall (1997; Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol 27, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2) for more information.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere mass content of atomic chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 103mRh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "103mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-103" with a half-life of 3.89e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

water flux into sea water due to flux adjustment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. Flux correction is also called "flux adjustment". A positive flux correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of methyl hydroperoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: 1

angle of incidence
type: Standard Name
definition: The angle of incidence is that between the direction of approach of a beam of radiation toward a surface and the normal to that surface.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of lithium in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Lithium means lithium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total lithium". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 216At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "216At" is the isotope "astatine-216" with a half-life of 3.47e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 111mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "111mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-111" with a half-life of 3.39e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 119In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "119In" is the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.74e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 94mNb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 4.34e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 238Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "238Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-238" with a half-life of 3.15e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface downwelling longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mole fraction of chlorine dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of chlorine dioxide is OClO.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).
canonical units: s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to condensation and evaporation from turbulence
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor.
canonical units: s-1

land ice lwe surface specific mass balance rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. Specific mass balance means the net rate at which ice is added per unit area at the land ice surface due to all processes of surface accumulation and ablation. A negative value means loss of ice.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of methyl bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 90Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90Y" is the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 2.67e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

grounded ice sheet area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Grounded ice sheet" indicates where the ice sheet rests over bedrock and is thus grounded. It excludes ice-caps, glaciers and floating ice shelves.
canonical units: 1

ocean tracer biharmonic diffusivity due to parameterized mesoscale eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "biharmonicdiffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a biharmonic diffusion operator. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection occurs on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddy advection is represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme. There are also standard names for parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which, along with parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection, contributes to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: m4 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 219At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "219At" is the isotope "astatine-219" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

vegetation carbon content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonium dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 115mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "115mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.97e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 129mTe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "129mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-129" with a half-life of 3.34e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-1

mass fraction of cfc114 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

heat flux into sea water due to flux adjustment
type: Standard Name
definition: A positive flux adjustment is downward i.e. added to the ocean. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W m-2

acoustic area backscattering strength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Acoustic area backscattering strength is 10 times the log10 of the ratio of the area backscattering coefficient to the reference value, 1 (m2 m-2). Area backscattering coefficient is the integral of the volume backscattering coefficient over a defined distance. Volume backscattering coefficient is the linear form of acoustic_volume_backscattering_strength_in_sea_water. For further details see MacLennan et. al (2002) doi:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1158.
canonical units: 1

upward derivative of eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name upward_derivative_of_eastward_wind is the derivative of the eastward component of wind with respect to height. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere enthalpy content
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: J m-2

surface radioactivity content of 223Fr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "223Fr" is the isotope "francium-223" with a half-life of 1.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere mass content of nitrate radical
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for nitrate is NO3. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-2

diffuse downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: "Diffuse" radiation is radiation that has been scattered by gas molecules in the atmosphere and by particles such as cloud droplets and aerosols. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 140Ba in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "140Ba" is the isotope "barium-140" with a half-life of 1.28e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tropopause instantaneous radiative forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

mole concentration of isoprene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere moles of bromine monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere moles of toluene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: mol

tendency of atmosphere mass content of insoluble dust dry aerosol particles due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Insoluble aerosol" means aerosol which is not soluble in water, such as mineral dusts. At low temperatures such particles can be efficient nuclei for ice clouds. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of hydrogen peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hydrogen peroxide is H202.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of chlorinated hydrocarbons due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other names, including chlorinated organics, chlorinated insecticides and chlorinated synthetics. In standard names "chlorinated_hydrocarbons" is the term used to describe the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for exampl…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 91mY in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 3.46e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

air pressure at freezing level
type: Standard Name
definition: Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

mass content of water vapor containing single 2H in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "H" means the element "hydrogen" and "2H" is the stable isotope "hydrogen-2", usually called "deuterium". The construction "X_containing_single_Y" means the standard name refers to only that part of X composed of molecules containing a single atom of isotope Y.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dust dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 250Bk in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "250Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-250" with a half-life of 1.34e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 212Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "212Pb" is the isotope "lead-212" with a half-life of 4.43e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere moles of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere moles of cfc115
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

frozen water content of soil layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "frozen_water" means ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).
canonical units: kg m-2

downwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume fraction of pelite in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed. "Pelite" is sediment less than 0.063 millimeters in diameter.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as 13C due to heterotrophic respiration
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterotrophic respiration is respiration by heterotrophs ("consumers"), which are organisms (including animals and decomposers) that consume other organisms or dead organic material, rather than synthesising organic material from inorganic precursors using energy from the environment (especially sunlight) as autotrophs ("producers") do. Heterotrophic respiration goes on within both the soil and litter pools.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 103mRh
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "103mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-103" with a half-life of 3.89e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of molecular hydrogen due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attrib…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

water flux out of sea water due to newtonian relaxation
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The water_flux_out_of_sea_water_due_to_newtonian_relaxation is the freshwater leaving as a result of the Newtonian relaxation of the sea surface salinity. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to condensation and evaporation from convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of ozone due to chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical production" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that produce a certain amount of the particular species. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 229Ac
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "229Ac" is the isotope "actinium-229" with a half-life of 4.58e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere mass content of convective cloud condensed water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

northward ocean salt transport due to overturning
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Salt transport" means the mass of salt being transported. Northward transport by (meridional) overturning is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of zonal means of velocity and tracer. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavenumber stdev within collocation scene
type: Standard Name
definition: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber_stdev_within_collocation_scene is the standard deviation of observations of the quantity with standard name toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber from a sensor's adjacent field-of-views within a collocation scene. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The "collocation scene" is a grouping of a sensor's adjacent field-of-views centered on a collocation target. The size of the collocation scene is typically about twice that of the collocation target. The "collocation target" is an area on the Earth's surface at which observations from at least two sensors are collected. Its size is defined by the sensor with the largest field-of-view footprint. Two events are deemed to be collocated based on some set of spatial, temporal, and viewing geometry criteria.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 (m-1)-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of gaseous elemental mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

sea water potential density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water potential density is the density a parcel of sea water would have if moved adiabatically to a reference pressure, by default assumed to be sea level pressure. To specify the reference pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. For sea water potential density, if 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name sea_water_sigma_theta should be chosen instead.
canonical units: kg m-3

ocean kinetic energy dissipation per unit area due to xy friction
type: Standard Name
definition: Friction, leading to the dissipation of kinetic energy, arises in ocean models as a result of the viscosity of sea water. Generally, the lateral (xy) viscosity is given a large value to maintain the numerical stability of the model. In contrast, the vertical viscosity is usually much smaller. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of pm10 bromide dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the bromide anion is Br-.
canonical units: kg m-3

covariance over longitude of northward wind and air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Covariance refers to the sample covariance rather than the population covariance. The quantity with standard name covariance_over_longitude_of_northward_wind_and_air_temperature is the covariance of the deviations of meridional air velocity and air temperature about their respective zonal mean values. The data variable must be accompanied by a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable and is calculated on an isosurface of that vertical coordinate. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m s-1

direction of radial vector toward instrument
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. The direction is measured positive clockwise from due north. The direction_of_radial_vector_toward_instrument is the direction opposite to that in which the instrument itself is pointing. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. The standard name direction_of_radial_vector_away_from_instrument should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: degree

realization
type: Standard Name
definition: Realization is used to label a dimension that can be thought of as a statistical sample, e.g., labelling members of a model ensemble.
canonical units: 1

wind from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing (wind_from_direction) (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing (wind_to_direction) (eastward, southward, etc.) "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming.
canonical units: degree

surface radioactivity content of 131mTe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.25e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

upwelling longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of liquid precipitation in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Liquid_precipitation" includes both "rain" and "drizzle". "Rain" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm. "Drizzle" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter typically in the range 0.2-0.5 mm.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

eastward friction velocity at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Friction velocity is a reference ocean velocity derived from the relationship between ocean density and downward stress and is usually applied at a level close to the surface where stress is assumed to be independent of height and approximately proportional to the square of mean velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

surface snow thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies.
canonical units: m

magnitude of sea ice displacement
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "magnitude_of_X" means magnitude of a vector X. "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

atmosphere moles of inorganic bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: mol

tendency of eastward wind due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

dry atmosphere mole fraction of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The construction "dry_atmosphere_mole_fraction" means that the quantity refers to the whole atmospheric column and is calculated as the total number of particles of X in the column divided by the number of dry air particles in the same column, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. For localized values within the atmospheric medium, standard names including "in_air" are used. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: 1

downward y stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: Pa

effective radius of stratiform cloud liquid water particles at stratiform liquid water cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. The phrase "stratiform_liquid_water_cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest stratiform liquid water cloud. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 87Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "87Kr" is the isotope "krypton-87" with a half-life of 5.28e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 97Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97Nb" is the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 5.11e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 227Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "227Th" is the isotope "thorium-227" with a half-life of 1.82e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of halon2402 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface tertiary swell wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the mean height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 216Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "216Po" is the isotope "polonium-216" with a half-life of 1.74e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 147Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "147Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-147" with a half-life of 8.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of methyl peroxy radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sinking mass flux of particulate carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sinking" is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 219Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "219Rn" is the isotope "radon-219" with a half-life of 4.64e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 84Br in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Br" means the element "bromine" and "84Br" is the isotope "bromine-84" with a half-life of 2.21e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

eastward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 237U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "237U" is the isotope "uranium-237" with a half-life of 6.74e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface upward mass flux of nitrous oxide expressed as nitrogen out of vegetation and litter and soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to sublimation of surface ice
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 91Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91Y" is the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 5.86e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 162Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162Tb" is the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 5.18e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of terpenes due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, that is, they contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions (C5H8)n where n is an integer greater than on equal to one. The term "terpenes" is used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual terpene species, e.g., isoprene and limonene. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and pro…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of land ice mass
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. The horizontal domain over which the quantity is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions.
canonical units: kg s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 253Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "253Cf" is the isotope "californium-253" with a half-life of 1.76e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea ice classification
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of sea_ice_classification contains strings which indicate the character of the ice surface e.g. open_ice, or first_year_ice. These strings have not yet been standardised. However, and whenever possible, they should follow the terminology defined in the WMO Standard Nomenclature for Sea Ice Classification. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.

radioactivity concentration of 58Co in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Co" means the element "cobalt" and "58Co" is the isotope "cobalt-58" with a half-life of 7.10e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 160Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "160Tb" is the isotope "terbium-160" with a half-life of 7.23e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of air temperature due to dry convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

atmosphere optical thickness due to dust ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

cloud albedo
type: Standard Name
definition: The albedo of cloud. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum.
canonical units: 1

platform roll rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Roll rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. The standard name platform_roll_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the roll rate is known, a standard name of platform_roll_rate_starboard_down or platform_roll_rate_starboard_up should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a r…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

moles of silicate per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_inY is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

sea water sigma t
type: Standard Name
definition: Sigma-t of sea water is the density of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e. the surface) having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. Note that sea water sigma is not the same quantity as the dimensionless ocean sigma coordinate (see Appendix D of the CF convention), for which there is another standard name.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 147Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "147Pm" is the isotope "promethium-147" with a half-life of 9.57e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

frozen soil density
type: Standard Name
definition: The density of the soil in its naturally frozen condition. Also known as frozen bulk density. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
canonical units: kg m-3

omnidirectional photosynthetic spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. Omnidirectional spherical irradiance is the radiation incident on unit area of a spherical (or "4-pi") collector. It is sometimes called "scalar irradiance". Radiation incident on a 2-pi collector has standard names of "spherical irradiance" which specify up/downwelling.
canonical units: W m-2

left singular vector of remote sensing averaging kernel of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Left singular vectors of the matrix representing the remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000).
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 159Gd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Gd" means the element "gadolinium" and "159Gd" is the isotope "gadolinium-159" with a half-life of 7.71e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of dissolved molecular nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for molecular nitrogen is N2.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 246Cm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "246Cm" is the isotope "curium-246" with a half-life of 2.01e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sound frequency
type: Standard Name
definition: Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time.
canonical units: s-1

mass fraction of pm10 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature."
canonical units: 1

mass flux of carbon into forestry and agricultural products due to crop harvesting
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The definition of "crop" is model dependent, for example, some models may include fruit trees, trees grown for timber or other types of agricultural and forestry planting as crops. Crop harvesting means the human activity of collecting plant materials for the purpose of turning them into forestry or agricultural products.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

thermosteric change in sea surface height
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The thermosteric change in sea surface height is the change in height that a water column having standard temperature zero degrees Celsius would undergo when its temperature is changed to the observed value. The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height and halosteric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total steric change in the water column height, which has the standard name of steric_change_in_sea_surface_height.
canonical units: m

tendency of mole concentration of aragonite expressed as carbon in sea water due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Aragonite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of aragonite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for calcite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 90Sr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "90Sr" is the isotope "strontium-90" with a half-life of 1.02e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of butane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

height at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud. Height is the vertical distance above the surface.
canonical units: m

upward eastward momentum flux in air due to nonorographic eastward gravity waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward momentum flux is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward. Momentum flux is dimensionally equivalent to stress and pressure. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The upward eastward momentum flux due to orographic gravity waves has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_orographic_gravity_waves. The total upward eastward momentum flux due to nonorographic gravity waves is the sum of the fluxes due to eastward and westward propagating waves. The latter has the standard name upward_eastward_momentum_flux_in_air_due_to_nonorographic_westward_gravity_waves.
canonical units: Pa

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 129mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "129mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-129" with a half-life of 8.02e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

graupel and hail fall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. For models that do distinguish between them, separate standard names for hail and graupel are available.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of pm2p5 sulfate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: 1

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as sulfur in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of pm10 particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

upward geothermal heat flux at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of chlorine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: 1

to direction of air velocity relative to sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name to_direction_of_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water is the difference between the direction of motion of the air and the near-surface current. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The components of the relative velocity vector have standard names eastward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water and northward_air_velocity_relative_to_sea_water. A vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name "depth" should be used to indicate the depth of sea water velocity used in the calculation. Similarly, a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "height" should be used to indicate the height of the the wind component.
canonical units: degree

humidity mixing ratio
type: Standard Name
definition: Humidity mixing ratio of a parcel of moist air is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air.
canonical units: 1

upward sea water velocity due to parameterized mesoscale eddies
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized mesoscale eddies occur on a spatial scale of many tens of kilometres and an evolutionary time of weeks. Reference: James C. McWilliams 2016, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume 472, issue 2189. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Parameterized mesoscale eddies are represented in ocean models using schemes such as the Gent-McWilliams scheme.
canonical units: m s-1

sea surface wave from direction at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wave_from_direction_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the direction from which the most energetic waves are coming. The spectral peak is the most energetic wave in the total wave spectrum. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: degree

mass fraction of nmvoc expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of brox expressed as bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer are used". "Brox" describes a family of chemical species consisting of inorganic bromine compounds with the exception of hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine nitrate (BrONO2). The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Brox" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity with a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. Standard names that use the term "inorganic_bromine" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species including HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of wind speed due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.
canonical units: m s-2

mass fraction of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

northward northward derivative of geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.
canonical units: s-2

radioactivity concentration of 244Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "244Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-244" with a half-life of 2.92e+10 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

square of upward air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "square_of_X" means X*X. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.
canonical units: m2 s-2

runoff amount excluding baseflow
type: Standard Name
definition: Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. "Runoff_excluding_baseflow" is the sum of surface runoff and subsurface runoff excluding baseflow. Baseflow is subsurface runoff which takes place below the level of the water table. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 135mCs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 3.68e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of nitrous oxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: 1

upward derivative of northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name upward_derivative_of_northward_wind is the derivative of the northward component of wind speed with respect to height. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of inorganic bromine
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Gross primary production is the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton. The producers also respire some of this biomass and the difference is "net_primary_production". "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of troposphere moles of methyl bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "troposphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the troposphere, i.e, summed over that part of the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of methyl bromide is CH3Br. The IUPAC name for methyl bromide is bromomethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 235Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "235Np" is the isotope "neptunium-235" with a half-life of 4.09e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

thickness of convective rainfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]rainfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of rainfall i.e. the thickness of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area as the rainfall amount.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of silicate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means moles (amount of substance) per unit volume and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 107Rh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "107Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-107" with a half-life of 1.51e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 113mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 5.31e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 223Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "223Ra" is the isotope "radium-223" with a half-life of 1.14e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 89Rb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "89Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-89" with a half-life of 1.06e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

upward heat flux at ground level in snow
type: Standard Name
definition: ground_level means the land surface (beneath the snow and surface water, if any). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

land ice temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 218Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "218Po" is the isotope "polonium-218" with a half-life of 2.12e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

wave frequency
type: Standard Name
definition: Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time.
canonical units: s-1

surface altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

northward transformed eulerian mean air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The "Transformed Eulerian Mean" refers to a formulation of the mean equations which incorporates some eddy terms into the definition of the mean, described in Andrews et al (1987): Middle Atmospheric Dynamics. Academic Press.
canonical units: m s-1

virtual temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual temperature of air is the temperature at which the dry air constituent of a parcel of moist air would have the same density as the moist air at the same pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

atmosphere moles of bromine chloride
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for bromine chloride is BrCl.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere mass content of nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere moles of methyl hydroperoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere mass content of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of air temperature due to longwave heating
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

surface radioactivity content
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 143Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "143Ce" is the isotope "cerium-143" with a half-life of 1.37e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

upwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

non tidal elevation of sea surface height
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. The phrase "non_tidal_elevation" describes the contribution to sea surface height variability made by processes other than astronomic forcing of the ocean and shallow water resonance of tidal components. These processes include storm surge (due to a combination of meteorological forcing of the ocean and interaction between the generated surge and tides), effects of surface ocean waves, and seasonal and climatic variation in ocean density and circulation. The contribution made by each process varies according to the averaging time of the variable as described by the bounds and cell_methods attributes of the data variable.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: 1

troposphere mole content of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: mol m-2

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus in sea water due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dissolved inorganic phosphorus" means the sum of all inorganic phosphorus in solution (including phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid).
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to plant respiration for biomass growth
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of formaldehyde
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere moles of halon2402
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-). The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of hydrogen peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: mol m-3

halosteric change in mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: Halosteric sea level change is the part caused by change in sea water density due to change in salinity. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. Zero mean sea level change is an arbitrary level. The sum of the quantities with standard names thermosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level and halosteric_change_in_mean_sea_level has the standard name steric_change_in_mean_sea_level.
canonical units: m

mass content of carbon in vegetation and litter and soil and forestry and agricultural products
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. Examples of "forestry and agricultural products" are paper, cardboard, furniture, timber for construction, biofuels and food for both humans and livestock. Models that simulate land use changes have one or more pools of carbon that represent these products in order to conserve carbon and allow its eventual release into the atmosphere, for example, when the products decompose in landfill sites.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass concentration of ethene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

air pressure at convective cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

mole content of nitrogen dioxide in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "content_of_X_in_atmosphere_layer" refers to the vertical integral between two specified levels in the atmosphere. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. For the mole content integrated from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, standard names including "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" are used. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol m-2

ground slope direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Commonly known as aspect, it is the azimuth (in degrees) of a terrain slope, taken as the direction with the greatest downslope change in elevation on the ground (earth) surface. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

medium type cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Middle type clouds are: Altostratus, Altocumulus, Nimbostratus. X_type_cloud_area_fraction is generally determined on the basis of cloud type, though Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models often calculate them based on the vertical location of the cloud. For the cloud area fraction between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer" are used. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 151Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "151Sm" is the isotope "samarium-151" with a half-life of 3.40e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface radioactivity content of 242m2Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242m2Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 1.62e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 95mNb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.61e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

difference of air pressure from model reference
type: Standard Name
definition: In some atmosphere models, the difference of air pressure from model reference is a prognostic variable, instead of the air pressure itself. The model reference air pressure is a model-dependent constant. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of atomic chlorine
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: mol s-1

mole concentration of nitrate and nitrite in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-. The chemical formula for the nitrite anion is NO2-.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of eastward wind due to eliassen palm flux divergence
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Eliassen Palm flux" is a widely used vector in the meridional plane, and the divergence of this flux appears as a forcing in the Transformed Eulerian mean formulation of the zonal mean zonal wind equation. Thus, "eastward_wind" here will generally be the zonally averaged eastward wind.
canonical units: m s-2

status flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of status_flag contains an indication of quality or other status of another data variable. This may include the status of the instrument producing the data as well as data quality information. The linkage between the data variable and the variable with the standard_name of status_flag is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. A variable which contains purely quality information may use the standard name of quality_flag to provide an assessed quality of the corresponding data.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of gaseous elemental mercury
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of hcfc142b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass of air per unit area
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass_of_air" means the mass due solely to the gaseous constituents of the atmosphere. The standard name for the mass including precipitation and aerosol particles is atmosphere_mass_per_unit_area.
canonical units: kg m-2

radial sea water velocity away from instrument
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Radial velocity away from instrument" means the component of the velocity along the line of sight of the instrument where positive implies movement away from the instrument (i.e. outward). The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. A standard name referring to radial velocity "toward_instrument" should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of ocean barotropic streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: m3 s-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

carbon mass flux into soil from vegetation excluding litter
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass concentration of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles in air due to emission from aviation
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "aviation" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to civil aviation. "Aviation" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3a as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be …
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

tendency of ocean mole content of reduced nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "dry_deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling of the considered species onto the ocean surface from the atmosphere. "Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

spell length of days with lwe thickness of precipitation amount above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".
canonical units: day

moles of oxygen per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_inY is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

mole concentration of ethyne in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

air pressure at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

mass fraction of gaseous divalent mercury in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Divalent mercury" means all compounds in which the mercury has two binding sites to other ion(s) in a salt or to other atom(s) in a molecule.
canonical units: 1

right singular vector of remote sensing averaging kernel of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Right singular vectors of the matrix representing the remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000).
canonical units: 1

tendency of northward wind due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for exa…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region".
canonical units: m2

surface radioactivity content of 249Cf
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "249Cf" is the isotope "californium-249" with a half-life of 1.32e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

downwelling shortwave flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

temperature of sensor for oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Temperature_of_sensor_for_oxygen_in_sea_water is the instrument temperature used in calculating the concentration of oxygen in sea water; it is not a measurement of the ambient water temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea floor sediment pore water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of inorganic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic chlorine", sometimes referred to as Cly, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing chlorine (CFCs, HCFCs, VSLS) and natural inorganic chlorine sources such as sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic chlorine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "clox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic chlorine species except HCl and ClONO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass fraction of pm2p5 elemental carbon dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: 1

platform surge rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Surge rate" is the rate of displacement along an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Surge rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. The standard name platform_surge_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the surge rate is known, a standard name of platform_surge_rate_fore or platform_surge_rate_aft should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 92Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "92Y" is the isotope "yttrium-92" with a half-life of 1.47e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of elemental carbon dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 235Pu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "235Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-235" with a half-life of 1.81e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

distance from sun
type: Standard Name
definition: The distance from the sun to the point of observation.
canonical units: m

surface upwelling radiance per unit wavelength in air emerging from sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

mole concentration of halon2402 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

toa net downward shortwave flux assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 126Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "126Sn" is the isotope "tin-126" with a half-life of 3.65e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of trimethylbenzene due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for trimethylbenzene is C9H12. The IUPAC names for trimethylbenzene is 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. Trimethylbenzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

temperature at base of ice sheet model
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name temperature_at_base_of_ice_sheet_model is the lower boundary temperature that is used to force ice sheet models. Beneath ice shelves it is the temperature at the ice-ocean interface. Beneath grounded ice, it is the temperature at the ice-bedrock interface. In all instances the temperature is that of the interface itself and not that of the medium above or below the interface. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface radioactivity content of 231Pa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "231Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-231" with a half-life of 1.19e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3. Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid.
canonical units: 1

permafrost layer thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more years. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 241Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "241Cm" is the isotope "curium-241" with a half-life of 3.50e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface wave energy at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. The quantity with standard name sea_surface_wave_energy_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum, sometimes called peak wave energy, is the maximum value of the variance spectral density (max(S1)).
canonical units: m2 s

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to moist convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of hail
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. For diameters of less than 5 mm standard names for "graupel" should be used. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to accretion to snow
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Accretion is the growth of a hydrometeor by collision with cloud droplets or ice crystals. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

radioactivity concentration of 124Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124Sb" is the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for natio…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 245Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "245Am" is the isotope "americium-245" with a half-life of 8.75e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 158Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "158Eu" is the isotope "europium-158" with a half-life of 3.18e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from natural sources
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of acetic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 137Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "137Cs" is the isotope "cesium-137" with a half-life of 1.10e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 160Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "160Tb" is the isotope "terbium-160" with a half-life of 7.23e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of miscellaneous phytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface downwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon due to ice algae in sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: Total GPP of ice algae in sea ice. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Gross primary production is the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton. The producers also respire some of this biomass and the difference is "net_primary_production". "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. Sea-ice algae (or simply 'ice algae' when the context of sea ice is clear) refer to algae uniquely able to thrive within the sea-ice environment. This distinction from phytoplankton is essential, as several phytoplankton species that become trapped in sea ice eventually perish due to a lack of genetic adaptation or acclimation strategies to survive such conditions. By referring to 'sea-ice algae,' we highlight these algae's specific features and ecological significance within the sea-ice habitat.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of methylglyoxal in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Methylglyoxal is an organic molecule with the chemical formula CH3COCHO. It is also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 149Pm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "149Pm" is the isotope "promethium-149" with a half-life of 2.21e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of sulfur dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 254mEs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254mEs" is the metastable state of the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 1.63e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of propene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

upward latent heat flux into air due to transpiration
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Transpiration is the process by which liquid water in plant stomata is transferred as water vapor into the atmosphere. The latent heat flux due to transpiration is the release of latent heat from plant surfaces to the air due to the release of water vapor.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of hcfc22
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Surface downwelling shortwave is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation incident on the surface, and is sometimes called "global radiation". When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

ocean vertical momentum diffusivity due to form drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction vertical_X_diffusivity means the vertical component of the diffusivity of X due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to form drag" refers to a vertical diffusivity resulting from a model scheme representing mesoscale eddy-induced form drag.
canonical units: m2 s-1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonium dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

eastward atmosphere water vapor transport across unit distance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

air pseudo equivalent temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The pseudoequivalent temperature is also known as the adiabatic equivalent temperature. It is the temperature that an air parcel would have after undergoing the following process: dry-adiabatic expansion until saturated; pseudoadiabatic expansion until all moisture is precipitated out; dry-adiabatic compression to the initial pressure. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Equivalent_temperature. This quantity is distinct from the isobaric equivalent temperature, also known as equivalent temperature, which has the standard name air_equivalent_temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

downward heat flux at ground level in snow
type: Standard Name
definition: ground_level means the land surface (beneath the snow and surface water, if any). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

moles of sulfur hexafluoride per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of sulfur hexafluoride is SF6.
canonical units: mol kg-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 102Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "102Tc" is the isotope "technetium-102" with a half-life of 6.12e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 128Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "128Sn" is the isotope "tin-128" with a half-life of 4.09e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) sourc…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 113mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "113mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-113" with a half-life of 6.92e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 151Sm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "151Sm" is the isotope "samarium-151" with a half-life of 3.40e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of pm10 chloride dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for chloride is Cl-.
canonical units: kg m-3

land ice thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 107Pd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107Pd" is the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.37e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere moles of nitrate radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 88Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "88Kr" is the isotope "krypton-88" with a half-life of 1.17e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

net downward shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 115mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "115mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.87e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 113mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "113mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 7.64e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

volume fraction of water in soil at saturation
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The volume_fraction_of_water_in_soil_at_saturation is the volume fraction at which a soil has reached it's maximum water holding capacity.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 104Tc
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "104Tc" is the isotope "technetium-104" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

histogram of equivalent reflectivity factor over height above reference ellipsoid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Equivalent reflectivity factor" is the radar reflectivity factor that is calculated from the measured radar return power assuming the target is composed of liquid water droplets whose diameter is less than one tenth of the radar wavelength, i.e., treating the droplets as Rayleigh scatterers. The actual radar reflectivity factor would depend on the size distribution and composition of the particles within the target volume and these are often unknown. "histogram_of_X[_over_Z]" means histogram (i.e. number of counts for each range of X) of variations (over Z) of X. The data variable should have an axis for X. A reference ellipsoid is a regular mathematical figure that approximates the irregular shape of the geoid. A number of reference ellipsoids are defined for use in the field of geodesy. The geoid is a surface of constant geopotential with which mean sea level would coincide if the ocean were at rest. To specify which reference ellipsoid is being used, a grid_mapping variable should be attached to the data variable as described in Chapter 5.6 of the CF Convention.
canonical units: 1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

virtual salt flux into sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The virtual_salt_flux_into_sea_water is the salt flux that would have the same effect on the sea surface salinity as the water_flux_out_of_sea_water. It includes the effects of precipitation, evaporation, river outflow, sea-ice and any water flux relaxation(s) and correction(s) that may have been applied. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of halon1301 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface net downward longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 41Ar
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ar" means the element "argon" and "41Ar" is the isotope "argon-41" with a half-life of 7.64e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of particulate organic matter expressed as iron in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 121mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "121mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.82e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 140Ba in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "140Ba" is the isotope "barium-140" with a half-life of 1.28e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of pm10 dust dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 77As in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "As" means the element "arsenic" and "77As" is the isotope "arsenic-77" with a half-life of 1.62e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of methyl peroxy radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea surface wind wave to direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

moles of dissolved organic phosphorus per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen”. "Organic phosphorus" means phosphorus in carbon compounds. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/ORGPMSZZ/4/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as magnesium in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 231Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "231Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-231" with a half-life of 1.19e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass fraction of halon1202 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

nitrogen growth limitation of picophytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. "Nitrogen growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a species population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of nitrogen) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on nitrogen availability.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of dichlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Dichlorine is the molecular form of elemental chlorine with the chemical formula Cl2.
canonical units: 1

ocean sigma coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: See Appendix D of the CF convention for information about parametric vertical coordinates. Note that the ocean sigma coordinate is not the same quantity as sea water sigma (excess of density over 1000 kg m-3), for which there are various other standard names.
canonical units: 1

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of carbon monoxide in dry air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "in_dry_air" means that the quantity is calculated as the total number of particles of X divided by the number of dry air particles, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: 1

temperature flux due to evaporation expressed as heat flux out of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation".) The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_evaporation_expressed_as_heat_flux_out_of_sea_water is the heat energy carried by the transfer of water away from the liquid ocean through the process of evaporation. It is distinct from the transfer of latent heat and is calculated relative to the heat that would be transported by water evaporating at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QevapCpTevap, where Qevap is the mass flux of evaporating water (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water and Tevap is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the evaporating water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W m-2

downwelling longwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 252Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "252Cf" is the isotope "californium-252" with a half-life of 9.68e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor due to sublimation of surface snow and ice
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere horizontal velocity potential
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Horizontal" indicates that the velocity potential applies to a horizontal velocity field on a particular vertical level.
canonical units: m2 s-1

mole concentration of ethanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: mol m-3

change over time in land water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. The phrase "land_water_amount", often known as "Terrestrial Water Storage", includes: surface liquid water (water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, rainfall intercepted by the canopy); surface ice and snow (glaciers, ice caps, grounded ice sheets not displacing sea water, river and lake ice, other surface ice such as frozen flood water, snow lying on the surface and intercepted by the canopy); subsurface water (liquid and frozen soil water, groundwater).
canonical units: kg m-2

surface upward latent heat flux due to sublimation
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to icefall
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: s-1

radioactivity concentration of 113Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 3.29e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of hail in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. For diameters of less than 5 mm standard names for "graupel" should be used. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of pm10 nitrate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 94Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94Nb" is the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 7.29e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of nox expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: Pa

time when flood water falls below threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name time_when_flood_water_falls_below_threshold is the time elapsed between the breaking of a levee (origin of flood water simulation) and the instant when the depth falls below a given threshold for the last time, having already risen to its maximum depth, at a given point in space. If a threshold is supplied, it should be specified by associating a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the data variable and giving the coordinate variable a standard name of flood_water_thickness. The values of the coordinate variable are the threshold values for the corresponding subarrays of the data variable. If no threshold is specified, its value is taken to be zero. Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: s

specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 143Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "143Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-143" with a half-life of 1.36e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

ocean vertical momentum diffusivity due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical momentum diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of momentum due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Convective mixing in the ocean is sometimes modelled as an enhanced diffusivity.
canonical units: m2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitric acid due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: quot;Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provi…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 218Rn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "218Rn" is the isotope "radon-218" with a half-life of 4.05e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

platform pitch fore down
type: Standard Name
definition: Pitch is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. "Fore down" indicates that positive values of pitch represent the front of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_fore_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

final air pressure of lifted parcel
type: Standard Name
definition: Various stability and convective potential indices are calculated by "lifting" a parcel of air: moving it dry adiabatically from a starting height (often the surface) to the Lifting Condensation Level, and then wet adiabatically from there to an ending height (often the top of the data/model/atmosphere). The quantities with standard names original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel and final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel are the ambient air pressure at the start and end of lifting, respectively. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of nox expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere mass content of mercury dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere moles of ethanol
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethanol is C2H5OH.
canonical units: mol

change over time in sea water salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_s…
canonical units: 1e-3

surface radioactivity content of 97Nb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "97Nb" is the isotope "niobium-97" with a half-life of 5.11e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea floor sediment grain size
type: Standard Name
definition: The average size of grains (also known as particles) in a sediment sample.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 234Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "234Th" is the isotope "thorium-234" with a half-life of 2.41e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by miscellaneous phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Miscellaneous phytoplankton" are all those phytoplankton that are not diatoms, diazotrophs, calcareous phytoplankton, picophytoplankton or other separately named components of the phytoplankton population. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

water surface height above reference datum
type: Standard Name
definition: 'Water surface height above reference datum' means the height of the upper surface of a body of liquid water, such as sea, lake or river, above an arbitrary reference datum. The altitude of the datum should be provided in a variable with standard name water_surface_reference_datum_altitude. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 11C
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "C" means the element "carbon" and "11C" is the isotope "carbon-11" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

solar elevation angle
type: Standard Name
definition: Solar elevation angle is the angle between the line of sight to the sun and the local horizontal.
canonical units: degree

eastward atmosphere dry static energy transport across unit distance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-1

atmosphere moles of propane
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

toa longwave dust ambient aerosol particles direct radiative effect assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. "X_direct_radiative_effect" refers to the instantaneous radiative impact of X on the Earth's energy balance, excluding secondary effects such as changes in cloud cover which may be caused by X. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

cloud base altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: cloud_base refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formic acid due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

thermodynamic phase of cloud water particles at cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of thermodynamic_phase_of_cloud_water_particles_at_cloud_top contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings which indicate the thermodynamic phase. These strings are standardised. Values must be chosen from the following list: liquid; ice; mixed; clear_sky; super_cooled_liquid_water; unknown. "Water" means water in all phases. The phrase "cloud_top" refers to the top of the highest cloud.

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 123mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "123mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-123" with a half-life of 2.78e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of noy expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 253Es
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "253Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-253" with a half-life of 2.05e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 117mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "117mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 8.08e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

precipitation flux onto canopy
type: Standard Name
definition: "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Unless indicated in the cell_methods attribute, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. Previously, the qualifier where_type was used to specify that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. Names containing the where_type qualifier are deprecated and newly created data should use the cell_methods attribute to indicate the horizontal area to which the quantity applies. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 94Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94Nb" is the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 7.29e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 135I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "135I" is the isotope "iodine-135" with a half-life of 2.79e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

toa brightness temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The brightness temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body which radiates the same power per unit solid angle per unit area. "toa" means top of atmosphere. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

surface upward mass flux of methane due to emission from termites
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Termites belong to any of a group of cellulose-eating insects, the social system of which shows remarkable parallels with those of ants and bees, although it has evolved independently. The precise conditions under which termites produce and consume methane can vary between models.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sound intensity level in water
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound intensity is the sound energy per unit time per unit area. Sound intensity level in water is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound intensity of 6.7e-19 W m-2. LI = 10 log10(I/I0) where LI is sound intensity level, I is sound intensity and I0 is the reference sound intensity.
canonical units: dB

radioactivity concentration of 149Sm in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sm" means the element "samarium" and "149Sm" is the isotope "samarium-149" with a half-life of 3.65e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 135Xe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135Xe" is the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 3.82e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

heat flux into sea water due to snow thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Snow thermodynamics" refers to the addition or subtraction of mass due to surface and basal fluxes, i.e., due to melting, sublimation and fusion.
canonical units: W m-2

number of days with lwe thickness of precipitation amount above threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. A variable whose standard name has the form number_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold is a count of the number of days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. It must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_methods entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A number_of_days is an extensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days should be "sum".
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to turbulent deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling is dry deposition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc expressed as carbon due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds. "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

surface radioactivity content of 83mKr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "83mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-83" with a half-life of 7.71e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. To specify which area is quantified by a variable with standard name area_fraction, provide a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name area_type. Alternatively, if one is defined, use a more specific standard name of X_area_fraction for the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 133mI in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "133mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 1.04e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 134Te
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "134Te" is the isotope "tellurium-134" with a half-life of 2.92e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 137Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "137Xe" is the isotope "xenon-137" with a half-life of 2.71e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of surface net downward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. "wrt" means with respect to. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). "Shortwave" means shortwave radiation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W s m-2

spectral width of radio wave scattered by air
type: Standard Name
definition: The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make the observation. The "scatterers" are what causes the transmitted signal to be returned to the instrument (examples are aerosols, hydrometeors and refractive index irregularities), of whatever kind the instrument detects. A standard name referring to frequency width of the received signal.
canonical units: Hz

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm2p5 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm2p5 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

radioactivity concentration of 104Tc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tc" means the element "technetium" and "104Tc" is the isotope "technetium-104" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface upwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of ethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-3

altimeter range correction due to dry troposphere
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. To apply the altimeter range correction it must be added to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. "Correction_due_to_dry_troposphere" means a correction for dry gases in the troposphere, i.e. excluding the effect of liquid water. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_wet_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_ionosphere, sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere moles of hydrogen peroxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: mol s-1

downwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 231Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "231Th" is the isotope "thorium-231" with a half-life of 1.06e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of hcfc124 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hcfc124 is C2HClF4. The IUPAC name for hcfc124 is 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

nitrogen growth limitation of diazotrophic phytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Nitrogen growth limitation" means the ratio of the growth rate of a biological population in the environment (where there is a finite availability of nitrogen) to the theoretical growth rate if there were no such limit on nitrogen availability. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Diazotrophic phytoplankton are phytoplankton (predominantly from Phylum Cyanobacteria) that are able to fix molecular nitrogen (gas or solute) in addition to nitrate and ammonium.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 124Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "124Sb" is the isotope "antimony-124" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of vanadium in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Vanadium means vanadium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total vanadium". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

deployment longitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The longitude of deployment of a station or instrument. The term can be used whenever the deployment position of a station or instrument needs to be supplied along with other types of positions. If a data variable has only one longitude coordinate variable, the standard name of longitude should generally be preferred to deployment_longitude, because longitude is recognised by generic software. If the deployment longitude is also the nominal longitude for a discrete geometry (as in Section 9.5 of the CF convention), the deployment longitude should also, or instead, be recorded in a coordinate variable with the standard name of longitude and axis="X". Longitude is positive eastward; its units of "degree_east" (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly.
canonical units: degree_east

atmosphere mass content of propane
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 135Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135Xe" is the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 3.82e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to heterogeneous nucleation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterogeneous nucleation occurs when a small particle of a substance other than water acts as a freezing or condensation nucleus.
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 207mPb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "207mPb" is the metastable state of the isotope "lead-207" with a half-life of 9.26e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water mass per unit area
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea_water_mass_per_unit_area is the mass per unit area of the sea water contained within each grid cell.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea surface wind wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the high frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the average height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest.
canonical units: m

platform roll
type: Standard Name
definition: Roll is a rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll is relative to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation. The "at rest" rotation of the platform may change over time. The standard name platform_roll should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the roll is known, a standard name of platform_roll_starboard_down or platform_roll_starboard_up should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree

atmosphere mass content of nitric acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere number content of aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself.
canonical units: m-2

mass concentration of halon1202 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of particulate matter expressed as potassium in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

product of eastward wind and northward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m2 s-2

change over time in sea water temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate.Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. To specify the depth at which the temperature applies use a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable. There are standard names for sea_surface_temperature, sea_surface_skin_temperature, sea_surface_subskin_temperature and sea_surface_foundation_temperature which can be used to describe data located at the specified surfaces. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is …
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 232Pa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "232Pa" is the isotope "protactinium-232" with a half-life of 1.31e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

moles of nitrate and nitrite per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_inY is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

volume attenuated backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air assuming no aerosol or cloud
type: Standard Name
definition: Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". The attenuated backwards scattering coefficient includes the effects of two-way attenuation by the medium between a radar source and receiver. The volume scattering coefficient is the fraction of incident radiative flux scattered into unit solid angle per unit path length. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeding pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths unless a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength" or "radiation_frequency" is included to specify the wavelength. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1, i.e. multiplied by density, have standard names with "specific_" instead of "volume_". Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself.
canonical units: m-1 sr-1

surface radioactivity content of 151Nd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "151Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-151" with a half-life of 8.61e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 226Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "226Ra" is the isotope "radium-226" with a half-life of 5.86e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface upward mass flux of nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to emission from fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nitrogen compounds" summarizes all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The term "fires" means all biomass fires, whether naturally occurring or ignited by humans.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of pm2p5 particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles expressed as carbon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of pm1 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer.
canonical units: 1

surface upward mole flux of carbon dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The standard name surface_downward_mole_flux_of_carbon_dioxide should be used to label data in which the flux is positive when directed downward. The standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" is deprecated because it does not specify in which direction the flux is positive. Any data having the standard name "surface_carbon_dioxide_mole_flux" should be examined carefully to determine which sign convention was used.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface geostrophic northward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars. The quantity with standard name surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity is the sum of a variable part, surface_geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity_assuming_mean_sea_level_for_geoid, and a constant part due to the stationary component of ocean circulation.
canonical units: m s-1

ultraviolet index assuming overcast sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The "Ultraviolet Index" (UVI) is a measure of the amount of solar ultraviolet radiation that reaches the surface of the earth depending on factors such as time of day and cloud cover. It is often used to alert the public of the need to limit sun exposure and use sun creams to protect the skin. Each point on the Index scale is equivalent to 25 mW m-2 of UV radiation (reference: Australian Bureau of Meteorology, http://www.bom.gov.au/uv/about_uv_index.shtml). The UVI range is expressed as a numeric value from 0 to 20 and sometimes graphically as bands of color indicating the attendant risk of skin damage. A UVI of 0-2 is described as 'Low' (represented graphically in green); a UVI of 11 or greater is described as "Extreme" (represented graphically in purple). The higher the UVI, the greater the potential health risk to humans and the less time it takes for harm to occur. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Overcast" means a fractional sky cover of 95% or more when at least a portion of this amount is attributable to clouds or obscuring phenomena (such as haze, dust, smoke, fog, etc.) aloft. (Reference: AMS Glossary: http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Main_Page). Standard names are also defined for the quantities ultraviolet_index and ultraviolet_index_assuming_clear_sky.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of pm2p5 primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. "Primary particulate organic matter" means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: 1

product of eastward wind and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "specific" means per unit mass. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-1

square of sea surface salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. Sea surface salinity is the salt concentration of sea water close to the sea surface, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Sea surface salinity is often abbreviated as "SSS". For the salinity of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of "sea_water_salinity" or one of the more precisely defined salinities should be used with a vertical coordinate axis. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the obser…
canonical units: 1e-6

radioactivity concentration of 236U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "236U" is the isotope "uranium-236" with a half-life of 8.73e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of hydrogen cyanide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 240U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "240U" is the isotope "uranium-240" with a half-life of 5.99e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor.
canonical units: s-1

moles of nitrite per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_inY is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol kg-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to turbulence
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 113mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "113mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 7.64e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

ocean vertical tracer diffusivity due to wind mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Vertical tracer diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of tracers, i.e. heat and salinity, due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

northward flood water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 105mRh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of halon1211 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface runoff amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 155Eu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "155Eu" is the isotope "europium-155" with a half-life of 1.75e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of hydroperoxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-3

ocean meridional overturning streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: The ocean meridional overturning streamfunction should not include not include the parameterized eddy advection velocity.
canonical units: m3 s-1

tendency of eastward wind due to numerical artefacts
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The total tendency of the eastward wind will include a variety of numerical and diffusive effects: a variable with this standard name is sometimes needed to allow the momentum budget to be closed.
canonical units: m s-2

tendency of sea water temperature due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is stron…
canonical units: K s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: s-1

surface downwelling longwave flux in air assuming clear sky and reference mole fraction of ozone in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds. This 3D ozone field acts as a reference ozone field in a diagnostic call to the model's radiation scheme. It is expressed in terms of mole fraction of ozone in air. It may be observation-based or model-derived. It may be from any time period. By using the same ozone reference in the diagnostic radiation call in two model simulations and calculating differences between the radiative flux diagnostics from the prognostic call to the radiation scheme and the diagnostic call to the radiation scheme with the ozone reference, an instantaneous radiative forcing for ozone can be calculated.
canonical units: W m-2

atmosphere horizontal streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Horizontal" indicates that the streamfunction applies to a horizontal velocity field on a particular vertical level.
canonical units: m2 s-1

mass concentration of pm10 calcium dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The chemical formula for the calcium dication is Ca(2+).
canonical units: kg m-3

number concentration of biological taxon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: m-3

partial pressure of methane in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: Pa

lagrangian tendency of air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa s-1

radioactivity concentration of 15O in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "15O" is the isotope "oxygen-15" with a half-life of 1.41e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of rain in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Rain" means drops of water falling through the atmosphere that have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of cfc11 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

iceberg transport across line
type: Standard Name
definition: Transport across_line means that which crosses a particular line on the Earth's surface; formally this means the integral along the line of the normal component of the transport. "Iceberg" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from calving of land ice, rather than by other processes such as freezing sea water. "Transport", as used here, means "mass transport".
canonical units: kg s-1

mole concentration of ammonium in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means moles (amount of substance) per unit volume and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic carbon due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

sea water sigma t difference
type: Standard Name
definition: Sigma-t of sea water is the density of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e. the surface) having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3.
canonical units: kg m-3

lwe thickness of atmosphere mass content of water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: m

sea surface swell wave from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of toluene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 143Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "143Ce" is the isotope "cerium-143" with a half-life of 1.37e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 244Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "244Cm" is the isotope "curium-244" with a half-life of 6.42e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water electrical conductivity
type: Standard Name
canonical units: S m-1

tendency of mass fraction of cloud ice in air due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of acetic acid due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere convective available potential energy wrt surface
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective(ly) available potential energy (often abbreviated CAPE) is a stability measure calculated by integrating the positive temperature difference between the surrounding atmosphere and a parcel of air lifted adiabatically from the surface to its equilibrium level. CAPE exists under conditions of potential instability, and measures the potential energy per unit mass that would be released by the unstable parcel if it were able to convect upwards to equilibrium.
canonical units: J kg-1

floating ice thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "Floating ice" means any ice that is floating on water, e.g. on a sea or lake surface. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of the ice.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 139Ba in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "139Ba" is the isotope "barium-139" with a half-life of 5.77e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water age since surface contact
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea water age since surface contact" means the length of time elapsed since the sea water in a grid cell was last in the surface level of an ocean model.
canonical units: year

tendency of atmosphere moles of halon1202
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon1202 is CBr2F2. The IUPAC name for Halon1202 is dibromo(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 233Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "233Th" is the isotope "thorium-233" with a half-life of 1.54e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 137mBa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "137mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-137" with a half-life of 1.77e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sea water sigma theta
type: Standard Name
definition: Sigma-theta of sea water is the potential density (i.e. the density when moved adiabatically to a reference pressure) of water having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. Note that sea water sigma is not the same quantity as the dimensionless ocean sigma coordinate (see Appendix D of the CF convention), for which there is another standard name. To specify the reference pressure to which the quantity applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with standard name reference_pressure.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere moles of noy expressed as nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2) , chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol

rank of remote sensing averaging kernel of logarithm of mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Rank of the matrix representing the logarithmic scale remote sensing averaging kernels (Weber 2019; Schneider et al., 2022) of the methane mole fractions obtained by a remote sensing observation (fractional changes of methane in the retrieved atmosphere relative to the fractional changes of methane in the true atmosphere, Rodgers 2000; Keppens et al., 2015).
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of hcfc141b
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for HCFC141b is CH3CCl2F. The IUPAC name for HCFC141b is 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of methyl bromide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of methyl bromide is CH3Br.
canonical units: 1

vertical component of ocean xy tracer diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: The vertical_component_of_ocean_xy_tracer_diffusivity means the vertical component of the diffusivity of tracers in the ocean due to lateral mixing. This quantity could appear in formulations of lateral diffusivity in which "lateral" does not mean "iso-level", e.g. it would not be used for isopycnal diffusivity. "Tracer diffusivity" means the diffusivity of heat and salinity due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of aldehydes due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Aldehydes are organic compounds with a CHO group; "aldehydes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual aldehyde species, e.g., formaldehyde and acetyladehyde.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of organic matter in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the mass of X divided by the mass of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction.
canonical units: 1

upwelling radiative flux per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

tendency of air density
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-3 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 219At in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "At" means the element "astatine" and "219At" is the isotope "astatine-219" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

reference air pressure for atmosphere vertical coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: For models using a dimensionless vertical coordinate, for example, sigma, hybrid sigma-pressure or eta, the values of the vertical coordinate at the model levels are calculated relative to a reference level. "Reference air pressure" is the air pressure at the model reference level. It is a model-dependent constant.
canonical units: Pa

fire area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". "Fire area" means the area of detected biomass fire.
canonical units: m2

radioactivity concentration of 221Fr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "221Fr" is the isotope "francium-221" with a half-life of 3.33e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

nfdrs 1 hour fuel moisture
type: Standard Name
definition: 1 hour fuel moisture (FM1) represents the modeled moisture content of dead fuels consisting of herbaceous plants or roundwood less than one-quarter inch in diameter. It also includes the uppermost layer of litter on the forest floor. The 1-hour timelag fuel moisture is a function of length of day (as influenced by latitude and calendar date), daily downwelling shortwave radiation, daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity, and daily precipitation values. It is a component in the US National Fire Danger Rating System (cf. https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/public/pdf/idc-020513.pdf). The US National Fire Danger Rating System comprises several numeric indexes that rate the potential over a large area for wildland fires to ignite, spread, and require action to suppress or manage. It was designed for use in the continental United States, and all its components are relative, not absolute .
canonical units: %

tendency of atmosphere mass content of benzene due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and has a ring structure consisting of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double chemical bonds. Each carbon atom is additionally bonded to one hydrogen atom. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for n…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

precipitation flux containing single 2H
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. The chemical formula for water is H2O. "H" means the element "hydrogen" and "2H" is the stable isotope "hydrogen-2", usually called "deuterium". The construction "X_containing_single_Y" means the standard name refers to only that part of X composed of molecules containing a single atom of isotope Y.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mole content of nitrogen dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The construction "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" means the vertically integrated number of moles of X above a unit area. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol m-2

sea surface swell wave period at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. The phrase "wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave period, describes the period of the most energetic waves within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: s

sea surface wave mean period from variance spectral density second frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The second wave period, T(m2) is calculated as the square root of the ratio M(0)/M(2).
canonical units: s

ocean dynamic sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: Ocean dynamic sea level is the contribution to sea surface height variability made by processes other than astronomic forcing of the ocean and shallow water resonance of tidal components, or variations in air pressure. Sea surface height is a time-varying quantity.
canonical units: m

mass concentration of cadmium in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Cadmium means cadmium in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total cadmium". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 222Fr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Fr" means the element "francium" and "222Fr" is the isotope "francium-222" with a half-life of 1.03e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

lightning radiant energy
type: Standard Name
definition: The standard name "lightning radiant energy" means the energy emitted as electromagnetic radiation due to lightning. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength, radiation_frequency, or sensor_band_central_wavelength may be specified to indicate that the lightning_radiant_energy applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. Bounds of the time and spatial coordinates may be specified to indicate the time interval and spatial extent over which the energy is emitted.
canonical units: J

water flux into sea water from rivers and surface downward water flux
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface water flux is the result of precipitation and evaporation. The water flux into sea water is the freshwater entering as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). The water flux or volume transport into sea water from rivers is the inflow to the ocean, often applied to the surface in ocean models. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of zooplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Standard names also exist for the mole concentration of a number of components that make up the total zooplankton population, such as mesozooplankton, microzooplankton and miscellaneous zooplankton.
canonical units: mol m-3

flood water speed
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Flood water is water that covers land which is normally not covered by water.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of cfc114 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

upward eliassen palm flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eliassen Palm flux" is a widely used vector in the meridional plane, and the divergence of this flux appears as a forcing in the Transformed Eulerian mean formulation of the zonal mean zonal wind equation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).
canonical units: m3 s-2

radioactivity concentration of 93Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "93Y" is the isotope "yttrium-93" with a half-life of 4.24e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of hydroperoxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for the hydroperoxyl radical is HO2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface runoff flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 213Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "213Pb" is the isotope "lead-213" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

sea water practical salinity at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: The practical salinity at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements. Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity_at_sea_floor. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere moles of ethene
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrate dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

difference between sea surface subskin temperature and sea surface temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: This variable quantifies the temperature difference between the top of the diurnal warm layer (sea_surface_subskin_temperature) and the in-situ measured sea surface temperature at depth (sea_surface_temperature). A diurnal warm layer can develop in the top few meters of the ocean through the absorption of solar radiation, if surface mixing is sufficiently weak.
canonical units: degree_C

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of acetaldehyde due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for acetaldehyde is CH3CHO. The IUPAC name for acetaldehyde is ethanal.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward).
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of alpha carotene in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of alpha-carotene is C40H56. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/BECAXXP1/2/.
canonical units: kg m-3

modis ice topped cloud area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: Ice means ice-topped clouds, as seen by the MODIS simulator. To distinguish that these are cloud area fractions as seen by a specific satellite instrument simulator, not the same as cloud area fractions diagnosed by the native model, the prefix format of satellite name_ is employed. "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of alkanes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e. they do not contain any chemical double bonds. Alkanes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n+2); "alkanes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkane species, e.g., methane and ethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

number concentration of ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles.
canonical units: m-3

atmosphere mass content of nitrous oxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface net downward shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 127mTe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 1.09e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of dimethyl sulfide due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

nitrogen mass transport in river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: The amount of total nitrogen mass transported in the river channels from land into the ocean. This quantity can be provided at a certain location within the river network and floodplain (over land) or at the river mouth (over ocean) where the river enters the ocean. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: kg s-1

upwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

brunt vaisala frequency in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. Brunt-Vaisala frequency is also sometimes called "buoyancy frequency" and is a measure of the vertical stratification of the medium.
canonical units: s-1

surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: Pa

upward air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector. The standard name downward_air_velocity may be used for a vector component with the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere mass content of cfc113
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere mass content of ethane
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass fraction of gravel in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y'', where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the mass of X divided by the mass of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Grain-size class distribution is based on the Udden-Wentworth scale.
canonical units: 1

sea surface primary swell wave from direction
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_primary_swell_wave_from_direction is the direction from which the most energetic swell waves are coming. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The primary swell wave is the most energetic swell wave. The phrase "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of sulfate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of biological taxon expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Biological taxon" is a name or other label identifying an organism or a group of organisms as belonging to a unit of classification in a hierarchical taxonomy. There must be an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_name to identify the taxon in human readable format and optionally an auxiliary coordinate variable with standard name biological_taxon_lsid to provide a machine-readable identifier. See Section 6.1.2 of the CF convention (version 1.8 or later) for information about biological taxon auxiliary coordinate variables.
canonical units: mol m-3

stratiform rainfall flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of hydrogen chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: kg m-3

automated tropical cyclone forecasting system storm identifier
type: Standard Name
definition: The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF) storm identifier is an 8 character string which identifies a tropical cyclone. The storm identifier has the form BBCCYYYY, where BB is the ocean basin, specifically: AL - North Atlantic basin, north of the Equator; SL - South Atlantic basin, south of the Equator; EP - North East Pacific basin, eastward of 140 degrees west longitude; CP - North Central Pacific basin, between the dateline and 140 degrees west longitude; WP - North West Pacific basin, westward of the dateline; IO - North Indian Ocean basin, north of the Equator between 40 and 100 degrees east longitude; SH - South Pacific Ocean basin and South Indian Ocean basin. CC is the cyclone number. Numbers 01 through 49 are reserved for tropical and subtropical cyclones. A cyclone number is assigned to each tropical or subtropical cyclone in each basin as it develops. Numbers are assigned in chronological order. Numbers 50 through 79 are reserved for internal use by operational forecast centers. Numbers 80 through 89 are reserved for training, exercises and testing. Numbers 90 through 99 are reserved for tropical disturbances having the potential to become tropical or subtropical cyclones. The 90's are assigned sequentially and reused throughout the calendar year. YYYY is the four-digit year. This is calendar year for the northern hemisphere. For the southern hemisphere, the year begins July 1, with calendar year plus one. Reference: Miller, R.J., Schrader, A.J., Sampson, C.R., & Tsui, T.L. (1990), The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF), American Meteorological Society Computer Techniques, 5, 653 - 660.

mass concentration of elemental carbon in pm10 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, elemental carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

geostrophic eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) "Geostrophic" indicates that geostrophic balance is assumed, i.e. that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced and the large scale fluid flow is parallel to the isobars.
canonical units: m s-1

mass fraction of pm10 elemental carbon dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983).
canonical units: 1

sea surface wave period at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. The sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum, sometimes called peak wave period, is the period of the most energetic waves in the total wave spectrum at a specific location. The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density.
canonical units: s

northward ocean heat transport due to gyre
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Northward transport by the ocean gyre is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of deviations of velocity and tracer from their zonal means. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: W

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 93Zr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "93Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-93" with a half-life of 3.47e+08 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

mass concentration of nitrate radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 115In
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "115In" is the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.86e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 249Bk in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bk" means the element "berkelium" and "249Bk" is the isotope "berkelium-249" with a half-life of 3.15e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere eastward stress due to gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Atmosphere_Xward_stress is a stress which tends to accelerate the atmosphere in direction X.
canonical units: Pa

surface downward eastward stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward.
canonical units: Pa

mass fraction of cfc115 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes).
canonical units: 1

tendency of ocean mole content of reduced nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Deposition of nitrogen into the ocean is the sum of dry and wet deposition of nitrogen species onto the ocean surface from the atmosphere. "Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

runoff amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: kg m-2

air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

duration of sunshine
type: Standard Name
definition: The WMO definition of sunshine is that the surface incident radiative flux from the solar beam (i.e. excluding diffuse skylight) exceeds 120 W m-2. "Duration" is the length of time for which a condition holds.
canonical units: s

mass concentration of manganese in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Manganese means manganese in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total manganese". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

coriolis parameter
type: Standard Name
definition: The Coriolis parameter is twice the component of the earth's angular velocity about the local vertical i.e. 2 W sin L, where L is latitude and W the angular speed of the earth.
canonical units: s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 233U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "233U" is the isotope "uranium-233" with a half-life of 5.90e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere moles of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 239Np in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Np" means the element "neptunium" and "239Np" is the isotope "neptunium-239" with a half-life of 2.35e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of elemental carbon in dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures near 4000K and can only be gasified by oxidation starting at temperatures above 340 C. It is assumed to be inert and non-volatile under atmospheric conditions and insoluble in any solvent (Ogren and Charlson, 1983). In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, elemental carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface radioactivity content of 209Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "209Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-209" with a half-life of 7.29e+20 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 135mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "135mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-135" with a half-life of 1.08e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of halon1211
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass concentration of chlorophyll a in sea ice
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Chlorophyll-a is the most commonly occurring form of natural chlorophyll. The chemical formula of chlorophyll-a is C55H72O5N4Mg. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: kg m-3

westward upward derivative of geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: A quantity with standard name Xward_Yward_derivative_of_geopotential is a second spatial derivative of geopotential, P, in the direction specified by X and Y, i.e., d2P/dXdY. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. "Westward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed westward (negative eastward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude.
canonical units: s-2

photolysis rate of molecular oxygen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Photolysis" is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. The "reaction rate" is the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products. The chemical formula for molecular oxygen is O2.
canonical units: s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ketones due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. In organic chemistry, a ketone is a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of atoms and groups of atoms. It features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone is the simplest example of a ketone. In standard names "ketones" is the term used to describe the group of ketone species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in t…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The term "particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol" means all particulate organic matter dry aerosol except elemental carbon. It is the sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of dry energy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 228Ra in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "228Ra" is the isotope "radium-228" with a half-life of 2.45e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere moles of hydrogen cyanide
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: mol

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux by ranging instrument in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: Volume backwards scattering coefficient by ranging instrument is the fraction of radiative flux, per unit path length and per unit solid angle, scattered at 180 degrees angle respect to the incident radiation and obtained through ranging techniques like lidar and radar. Backwards scattering coefficient is assumed to be related to the same wavelength of incident radiation. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1 sr-1

log10 size interval based number size distribution of aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The aerosol particle number size distribution is the number concentration of aerosol particles, normalised to the decadal logarithmic size interval the concentration applies to, as a function of particle diameter. A coordinate variable with the standard name of electrical_mobility_particle_diameter, aerodynamic_particle_diameter, or optical_particle_diameter should be specified to indicate that the property applies at specific particle sizes selected by the indicated method. To specify the relative humidity at which the particle sizes were selected, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of relative_humidity_for_aerosol_particle_size_selection. "log10_X" means common logarithm (i.e. base 10) of X.
canonical units: m-3

surface radioactivity content of 161Tb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "161Tb" is the isotope "terbium-161" with a half-life of 6.92e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 131mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.25e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

scene type of dvorak tropical cyclone eye region
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_eye_region contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. It indicates the Advanced Dvorak Technique tropical cyclone eye region scene type chosen from the following list: clear_ragged_or_obscured_eye; pinhole_eye; large_eye; no_eye. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings chosen from the same standardised list to indicate the scene type. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 54Mn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mn" means the element "manganese" and "54Mn" is the isotope "manganese-54" with a half-life of 3.12e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mass content of secondary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Secondary particulate organic matter " means particulate organic matter formed within the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for molecular oxygen is O2.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 238U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "238U" is the isotope "uranium-238" with a half-life of 1.65e+12 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of peroxynitric acid
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for peroxynitric acid, sometimes referred to as PNA, is HO2NO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

radioactivity concentration of 234Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "234Th" is the isotope "thorium-234" with a half-life of 2.41e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of hypobromous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: kg m-3

square of ocean mixed layer thickness defined by sigma t
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. The ocean mixed layer is the upper part of the ocean, regarded as being well-mixed. The base of the mixed layer defined by "temperature", "sigma", "sigma_theta", "sigma_t" or vertical diffusivity is the level at which the quantity indicated differs from its surface value by a certain amount. A coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_sigma_t_difference can be used to specify the sigma_t criterion that determines the layer thickness. Sigma-t of sea water is the density of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e. the surface) having the same temperature and salinity, minus 1000 kg m-3. "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer.
canonical units: m2

platform heave
type: Standard Name
definition: Heave is a displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave is relative to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement. The "at rest" position of the platform may change over time. The standard name platform_heave should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the heave is known, a standard name of platform_heave_down or platform_heave_up should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m

surface buoyancy flux into air
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable quantifying net density gains or losses in air parcel buoyancy based on turbulent heat and moisture fluxes, represented by virtual temperature flux, at the air-sea interface. Positive values indicate a buoyancy flux out of the ocean (into the air) that will destabilize the atmosphere.
canonical units: m2 s-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrogen monoxide due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 165Dy in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Dy" means the element "dysprosium" and "165Dy" is the isotope "dysprosium-165" with a half-life of 9.80e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 151Pm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "151Pm" is the isotope "promethium-151" with a half-life of 1.18e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water mass per unit area expressed as thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. The quantity with standard name sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness is the thickness of the water column from sea floor to surface, minus any contribution to column thickness from steric changes. The sea water density used to convert mass to thickness is assumed to be the density of water of standard temperature zero degrees Celsius and practical salinity S=35.0 unless an auxiliary scalar coordinate variable with standard name sea_water_density is used to specify an alternative value. The sum of the quantities with standard names sea_water_mass_per_unit_area_expressed_as_thickness and steric_change_in_sea_surface_height is the total thickness of the sea water column. Sea_water_mass_per_unit_area is the mass per unit area of the sea water contained within each grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region".
canonical units: m

northward sea ice displacement
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Displacement" means the change in geospatial position of an object that has moved over time. If possible, the time interval over which the motion took place should be specified using a bounds variable for the time coordinate variable. A displacement can be represented as a vector. Such a vector should however not be interpreted as describing a rectilinear, constant speed motion but merely as an indication that the start point of the vector is found at the tip of the vector after the time interval associated with the displacement variable. A displacement does not prescribe a trajectory. Sea ice displacement can be defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. A northward displacement is the distance calculated from the change in a moving object's latitude between the start and end of the time interval associated with the displacement variable. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

tendency of mole concentration of particulate organic matter expressed as carbon in sea water due to nitrate utilization
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Nitrate utilization" means net primary production of carbon by phytoplankton based on nitrate alone. "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the nitrate anion is NO3-.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm1 ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

atmosphere mass content of snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Snow" refers to the precipitating part of snow in the atmosphere – the cloud snow content is excluded.
canonical units: kg m-2

tropopause upwelling shortwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which l…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface swell wave to direction
type: Standard Name
definition: Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north.
canonical units: degree

radioactivity concentration of 88Rb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "88Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-88" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 96Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "96Nb" is the isotope "niobium-96" with a half-life of 9.75e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitrogen monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface upwelling radiance in air emerging from sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

mass concentration of silicate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 157Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "157Eu" is the isotope "europium-157" with a half-life of 6.32e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 243Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "243Am" is the isotope "americium-243" with a half-life of 2.91e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 115mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "115mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-115" with a half-life of 4.46e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 138Xe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "138Xe" is the isotope "xenon-138" with a half-life of 9.84e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface snow and ice melt flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface snow and ice melt flux" means the mass flux of all melting at the surface. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 244Am in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Am" means the element "americium" and "244Am" is the isotope "americium-244" with a half-life of 4.20e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

platform roll rate starboard up
type: Standard Name
definition: "Roll rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to the local vertical axis and is coplanar with the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Roll rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. "Starboard up" indicates that positive values of roll rate represent the right side of the platform rising as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_roll_rate_starboard_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_roll_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 222Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "222Rn" is the isotope "radon-222" with a half-life of 3.82e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

surface snow sublimation heat flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. Sublimation is the conversion of solid into vapor. The snow sublimation heat flux is the supply of latent heat which is causing evaporation of snow to water vapor. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of butane due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of water in pm10 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 131Te in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131Te" is the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass fraction of cfc12 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

minus tendency of ocean mole content of organic carbon due to sedimentation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sedimentation" is the sinking of particulate matter to the floor of a body of water. "Organic carbon" describes a family of chemical species and is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

land ice basal x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: m s-1

atmosphere mass content of ethyne
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea surface foundation temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The sea surface foundation temperature is the water temperature that is not influenced by a thermally stratified layer of diurnal temperature variability (either by daytime warming or nocturnal cooling). The foundation temperature is named to indicate that it is the temperature from which the growth of the diurnal thermocline develops each day, noting that on some occasions with a deep mixed layer there is no clear foundation temperature in the surface layer. In general, sea surface foundation temperature will be similar to a night time minimum or pre-dawn value at depths of between approximately 1 and 5 meters. In the absence of any diurnal signal, the foundation temperature is considered equivalent to the quantity with standard name sea_surface_subskin_temperature. The sea surface foundation temperature defines a level in the upper water column that varies in depth, space, and time depending on the local balance between thermal stratification and turbulent energy and is expected to change slowly over the course of a day. If possible, a data variable with the standard name sea_surface_foundation_temperature should be used with a scalar vertical coordinate variable to specify the depth of the foundation level. Sea surface foundation temperature is measured at the base of the diurnal thermocline or as close to the water surface as possible in the absence of thermal stratification. Only in situ contact thermometry is able to measure the sea surface foundation temperature. Analysis procedures must be used to estimate sea surface foundation temperature value from radiometric satellite measurements of the quantities with standard names sea_surface_skin_temperature and sea_surface_subskin_temperature. Sea surface foundation temperature provides a connection with the historical concept of a "bulk" sea surface temperature considered representative of the oceanic mixed layer temperature that is typically represented by any sea temperature measurement within the upper ocean o…
canonical units: K

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) sour…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 250Cm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cm" means the element "curium" and "250Cm" is the isotope "curium-250" with a half-life of 2.52e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as 14C
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Gross primary production is the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton. The producers also respire some of this biomass and the difference is "net_primary_production". "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 226Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "226Ac" is the isotope "actinium-226" with a half-life of 1.21e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

speed of sound in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water alkalinity per unit mass expressed as mole equivalent
type: Standard Name
definition: The standard name sea_water_alkalinity_per_unit_mass_expressed_as_mole_equivalent is the total alkalinity equivalent concentration (including carbonate, nitrogen, silicate, and borate components) expressed as the number of moles of alkalinity per unit mass of seawater. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The equivalent term in the NERC P01 Parameter Usage Vocabulary may be found at http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P01/current/MDMAP014/1/.
canonical units: mol kg-1

difference between sea surface skin temperature and sea surface subskin temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: This variable quantifies the temperature difference between the skin temperature (sea_surface_skin_temperature) and the subskin temperature (sea_surface_subskin_temperature) due to the turbulent and radiative heat fluxes at the air-sea interface. This difference is commonly referred to as the “cool skin effect” as the solar radiation absorbed within the very thin thermal subskin layer is typically negligible compared to ocean surface heat loss from the combined sensible, latent, and net longwave radiation heat fluxes.
canonical units: degree_C

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 253Es in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "253Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-253" with a half-life of 2.05e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

angle of rotation from east to y
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name angle_of_rotation_from_east_to_y is the angle, anticlockwise reckoned positive, between due East and (dr/dj)ik, where r(i,j,k) is the vector 3D position of the point with coordinate indices (i,j,k). It could be used for rotating vector fields between model space and latitude-longitude space.
canonical units: degree

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 143Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "143Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-143" with a half-life of 1.36e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume fraction of condensed water in soil at wilting point
type: Standard Name
definition: "Volume fraction" is used in the construction "volume_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the volume of X divided by the volume of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. The wilting point of soil is the water content below which plants cannot extract sufficient water to balance their loss through transpiration.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of clay in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It is evaluated as the mass of X divided by the mass of Y (including X). It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Grain-size class distribution is based on the Udden-Wentworth scale.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 92Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "92Sr" is the isotope "strontium-92" with a half-life of 1.13e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

stratiform cloud longwave emissivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Emissivity is the ratio of the power emitted by an object to the power that would be emitted by a perfect black body having the same temperature as the object. The emissivity is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency is included to specify either the wavelength or frequency. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "longwave" means longwave radiation.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 127Sn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "127Sn" is the isotope "tin-127" with a half-life of 8.84e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

eastward land ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Land ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: m s-1

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. The (range of) direction(s) of scattering can be specified by a coordinate of scattering_angle.
canonical units: m-1

sea ice basal drag coefficient for momentum in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_ice_basal_drag_coefficient_for_momentum_in_sea_water is used to calculate the oceanic momentum drag on sea ice movement. Basal drag is a resistive stress opposing ice flow at the boundary between sea ice and sea water. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: 1

downwelling shortwave flux in sea water at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 119mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "119mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-119" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of upward air velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Upward air velocity is the vertical component of the 3D air velocity vector.
canonical units: m s-2

troposphere mole content of sulfur dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "troposphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the tropopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.
canonical units: mol m-2

atmosphere mass content of cfc113a
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 78As in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "As" means the element "arsenic" and "78As" is the isotope "arsenic-78" with a half-life of 6.32e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 141Ce in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ce" means the element "cerium" and "141Ce" is the isotope "cerium-141" with a half-life of 3.30e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

land water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. The phrase "land_water_amount", often known as "Terrestrial Water Storage", includes: surface liquid water (water in rivers, wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, rainfall intercepted by the canopy); surface ice and snow (glaciers, ice caps, grounded ice sheets not displacing sea water, river and lake ice, other surface ice such as frozen flood water, snow lying on the surface and intercepted by the canopy); subsurface water (liquid and frozen soil water, groundwater).
canonical units: kg m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 133mI in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "133mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 1.04e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of gaseous elemental mercury due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition"is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of ammonia
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: kg m-2

ratio of y derivative of ocean rigid lid pressure to sea surface density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface density is the density of sea water near the surface (including the part under sea-ice, if any). "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, whether or not they are true longitude and latitude. "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. "Ocean rigid lid pressure" means the pressure at the surface of an ocean model assuming that it is bounded above by a rigid lid.
canonical units: m s-2

eastward sea water velocity due to ekman drift
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 dust dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass fraction of atomic chlorine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic chlorine is Cl.
canonical units: 1

graupel and hail fall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. Hail is precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, often restricted by a size convention to diameters of 5 mm or more. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel. For models that do distinguish between them, separate standard names for hail and graupel are available.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm1 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometers. "Standard_temperature_and_pressure" refer to a reference volume at 273.15 K temperature and 1013.25 hPa pressure.
canonical units: m-1

wood debris mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wood debris" means dead organic matter composed of coarse wood. It is distinct from fine litter. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The sum of the quantities with standard names wood_debris_mass_content_of_nitrogen, surface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen is the total nitrogen mass content of dead plant material.
canonical units: kg m-2

toa bidirectional reflectance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Bidirectional_reflectance" depends on the angles of incident and measured radiation. Reflectance is the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident radiation. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be used to specify the wavelength or frequency, respectively, of the radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. toa_bidirectional_reflectance includes a factor to account for the cosine of the solar zenith angle but does not include any integration over solid angle.
canonical units: 1

temperature flux due to runoff expressed as heat flux into sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name temperature_flux_due_to_runoff_expressed_as_heat_flux_into_sea_water is the heat carried by the transfer of water into the liquid ocean by the process of runoff. This quantity additionally includes melt water from sea ice and icebergs. It is calculated relative to the heat that would be transported by runoff water entering the sea at zero degrees Celsius. It is calculated as the product QrunoffCpTrunoff, where Q runoff is the mass flux of liquid runoff entering the sea water (kg m-2 s-1), Cp is the specific heat capacity of water, and Trunoff is the temperature in degrees Celsius of the runoff water. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 121Sn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "121Sn" is the isotope "tin-121" with a half-life of 1.12e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface downward eastward stress due to dissipation of sea surface waves
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "sea surface" means the upper boundary of the ocean. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, surface stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. A downward eastward stress is a downward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium eastward and the upper medium westward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "dissipation_of_sea_surface_waves" means the stress associated with sea surface waves dissipation processes such as whitecapping.
canonical units: Pa

depth at maximum upward derivative of sea water potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: This quantity, often used to indicate the "thermocline depth", is the depth of the maximum vertical gradient of sea water potential temperature. Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure.
canonical units: m

atmosphere mass content of water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2

number concentration of ice crystals in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume.
canonical units: m-3

liquid water cloud area fraction in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be "model_level_number", but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 111mCd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "111mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-111" with a half-life of 3.39e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass content of water vapor in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2

atmosphere mass content of hydroxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosp…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downwelling photosynthetic photon radiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 400-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 sr-1

radioactivity concentration of 214Po in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "214Po" is the isotope "polonium-214" with a half-life of 1.90e-09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of ammonia in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 234mPa
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234mPa" is the metastable state of the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 8.13e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

horizontal dry energy transport in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Dry energy is the sum of dry static energy and kinetic energy. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 91Sr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sr" means the element "strontium" and "91Sr" is the isotope "strontium-91" with a half-life of 3.95e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 254Es in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Es" means the element "einsteinium" and "254Es" is the isotope "einsteinium-254" with a half-life of 2.76e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of sea water temperature due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. For observed data, depending on the period during which the observation was made, the measured in situ temperature was recorded against standard "scales". These historical scales include the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48; 1948-1967), the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68, Barber, 1969; 1968-1989) and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90, Saunders 1990; 1990 onwards). Conversion of data between these scales follows t68 = t48 - (4.4 x 10e-6) * t48(100 - t - 48); t90 = 0.99976 * t68. Observations made prior to 1948 (IPTS-48) have not been documented and therefore a conversion cannot be certain. Differences between t90 and t68 can be up to 0.01 at temperatures of 40 C and above; differences of 0.002-0.007 occur across the standard range of ocean temperatures (-10 - 30 C). The International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 (EOS-80, UNESCO, 1981) and the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78) were both based on IPTS-68, while the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) is based on ITS-90. References: Barber, 1969, doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/5/2/001; UNESCO, 1981; Saunders, 1990, WOCE Newsletter, 10, September 1990. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-u…
canonical units: K s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propane due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. Propane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of molecular hydrogen due to chemical destruction
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that remove a certain amount of a particular species from the medium. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of sea water salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity.
canonical units: 1e-3 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 78Ge in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "78Ge" is the isotope "germanium-78" with a half-life of 6.03e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere number content of cloud droplets
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used.
canonical units: m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole concentration of carbonate expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula of the carbonate anion is CO3 with a charge of minus two.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of hexachlorobiphenyl
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hexachlorobiphenyl is C12H4Cl6. This structure of this species consists of two linked benzene rings, each of which is additionally bonded to three chlorine atoms.
canonical units: mol s-1

northward ocean freshwater transport due to parameterized eddy advection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Parameterized eddy advection in an ocean model means the part due to a scheme representing parameterized eddy-induced advective effects not included in the resolved model velocity field. Parameterized eddy advection can be represented on various spatial scales and there are standard names for parameterized_mesoscale_eddy_advection and parameterized_submesoscale_eddy_advection which both contribute to the total parameterized eddy advection.
canonical units: kg s-1

mole concentration of cfc114 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC114 is CClF2CClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC114 is 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere enthalpy content due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

canopy snow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The phrase "canopy_snow" means snow lying on the canopy. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

speed of sound in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

temperature in surface snow
type: Standard Name
definition: "Temperature in surface snow" is the bulk temperature of the snow, not the surface (skin) temperature. Surface snow refers to the snow on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

stratiform rainfall rate
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud.
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 234Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "234Th" is the isotope "thorium-234" with a half-life of 2.41e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of anthropogenic nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass concentration of pm1 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of methanol in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole fraction of chlorine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of chlorine monoxide is ClO.
canonical units: 1

baseflow amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Baseflow" is subsurface runoff which takes place below the level of the water table. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

mole fraction of nox expressed as nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 242Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242Am" is the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 6.69e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

change over time in sea water preformed salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Preformed Salinity, S*, is defined as part of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) which was adopted in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Preformed Salinity is a salinity variable that is designed to be as conservative as possible, by removing the estimated biogeochemical influences on the sea water composition. Preformed Salinity is Absolute Salinity, S_A (which has the standard name sea_water_absolute_salinity), minus all contributions to sea water composition from biogeochemical processes. Preformed Salinity is the mass fraction of dissolved material in sea water. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Pawlowicz et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-363-2011; Wright et al., 2011 doi: 10.5194/os-7-1-2011. There are also standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 onwards), and sea_water_reference_salinity. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity.
canonical units: g kg-1

atmosphere moles of acetic acid
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for acetic_acid is CH3COOH. The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid.
canonical units: mol

atmosphere moles of butane
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Butane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 117mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "117mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-117" with a half-life of 8.08e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

kinetic energy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: J m-2

square of geopotential height
type: Standard Name
definition: "square_of_X" means X*X. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface.
canonical units: m2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonium dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

snow grain size
type: Standard Name
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ammonia due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud condensed water in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The phrase "condensed_water" means liquid and ice.
canonical units: s-1

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeding pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitrous oxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the entire atmosphere, i.e, summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenh…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water velocity to direction due to tides
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Due to tides" means due to all astronomical gravity changes which manifest as tides. No distinction is made between different tidal components.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of hcfc142b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for HCFC142b is CH3CClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC142b is 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere mass content of hox expressed as hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "HOx" means a combination of two radical species containing hydrogen and oxygen: OH and HO2. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2

potential vorticity of ocean layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Ocean potential vorticity is the vertically averaged absolute vorticity of a layer of the ocean divided by the thickness of the layer.
canonical units: m-1 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of isoprene due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for isoprene is CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2. The IUPAC name for isoprene is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene. Isoprene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as terpenes. There are standard names for the terpene group as well as for some of the individual species. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 213Pb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pb" means the element "lead" and "213Pb" is the isotope "lead-213" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of cfc13 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for CFC13 is CF3Cl. The IUPAC name for CFC13 is chloro(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of ethane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of coarse mode ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. Coarse mode aerosol particles have a diameter of more than 1 micrometer.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface carbon dioxide partial pressure difference between air and sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The partial pressure difference between air and sea water is positive when the partial pressure in air is greater than the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water.
canonical units: Pa

radioactivity concentration of 213Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "213Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-213" with a half-life of 3.26e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

upward eastward stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). "Upward eastward" indicates the ZX component of a tensor. An upward eastward stress is an upward flux of eastward momentum, which accelerates the upper medium eastward and the lower medium westward.
canonical units: Pa

surface net upward longwave flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

air pressure at convective cloud base
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "cloud_base" refers to the base of the lowest cloud. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

northward ocean salt transport due to gyre
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Salt transport" means the mass of salt being transported. Northward transport by the ocean gyre is geometrically defined as being the part due to the vertical integral of the product of deviations of velocity and tracer from their zonal means. The velocity does not include the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

radioactivity concentration of 234mPa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pa" means the element "protactinium" and "234mPa" is the metastable state of the isotope "protactinium-234" with a half-life of 8.13e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 212Bi in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "212Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-212" with a half-life of 4.20e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Ch…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of dichlorine peroxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for dichlorine peroxide is Cl2O2.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 18F
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "F" means the element "fluorine" and "18F" is the isotope "fluorine-18" with a half-life of 6.98e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

land ice surface y velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. A velocity is a vector quantity. "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: m s-1

surface radioactivity content of 227Th
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "227Th" is the isotope "thorium-227" with a half-life of 1.82e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of organic carbon in dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. Chemically, "organic carbon aerosol" refers to the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter contained in any of the vast number of compounds where carbon is chemically combined with hydrogen and other elements like O, S, N, P, Cl, etc. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, organic carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

surface albedo assuming no snow
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines …
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 134mXe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "134mXe" is the metastable state of the isotope "xenon-134" with a half-life of 3.36e-06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of cfc12 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for CFC12 is CF2Cl2. The IUPAC name for CFC12 is dichloro(difluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of formaldehyde in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal.
canonical units: kg m-3

radioactivity concentration of 249Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "249Cf" is the isotope "californium-249" with a half-life of 1.32e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass flux of carbon into soil from vegetation due to mortality
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The term "mortality" means the loss of living biomass due to plant death. It refers to the death of the whole plant, not only the leaves.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methane due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

downward heat flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of toluene due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for toluene is C6H5CH3. Toluene has the same structure as benzene, except that one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a methyl group. The IUPAC name for toluene is methylbenzene. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nmvoc due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface downwelling radiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1 sr-1

upwelling shortwave radiance in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1

sea surface height amplitude due to geocentric ocean tide
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are a significant contributor to the observed sea surface height; geocentric ocean tide means the sum total of ocean tide and load tide.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 211Bi
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Bi" means the element "bismuth" and "211Bi" is the isotope "bismuth-211" with a half-life of 1.49e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

downwelling photon spherical irradiance in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon spherical irradiance is the photon flux incident on unit area of a hemispherical (or "2-pi") collector. Radiation incident on a 4-pi collector has a standard name referring to "omnidirectional spherical irradiance". A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mole concentration of hypobromous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: mol m-3

radioactivity concentration of 129I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "129I" is the isotope "iodine-129" with a half-life of 5.81e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 152Pm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "152Pm" is the isotope "promethium-152" with a half-life of 2.84e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 144Nd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "144Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-144" with a half-life of 7.64e+17 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 106Ru
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ru" means the element "ruthenium" and "106Ru" is the isotope "ruthenium-106" with a half-life of 3.66e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

number concentration of aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself.
canonical units: m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to heterogeneous nucleation from cloud liquid water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Heterogeneous nucleation occurs when a small particle of a substance other than water acts as a freezing or condensation nucleus. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: s-1

atmosphere moles of nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of guanosine triphosphate in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of guanosine triphosphate is C10H16N5O14P3.
canonical units: mol m-3

eastward sea water velocity assuming no tide
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition.
canonical units: m s-1

downward northward stress at sea ice base
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: Pa

surface upward latent heat flux due to evaporation
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name surface_upward_latent_heat_flux_due_to_evaporation does not include transpiration from vegetation. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation).
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 135mBa in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ba" means the element "barium" and "135mBa" is the metastable state of the isotope "barium-135" with a half-life of 1.20e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

eastward air velocity relative to sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The eastward motion of air, relative to near-surface eastward current; calculated as eastward_wind minus eastward_sea_water_velocity. A vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "depth" should be used to indicate the depth of sea water velocity used in the calculation. Similarly, a vertical coordinate variable or scalar coordinate with standard name "height" should be used to indicate the height of the the wind component. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 95mNb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.61e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole fraction of hypobromous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hypobromous acid is HOBr.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 134I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "134I" is the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 3.61e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface ratio of upwelling radiance emerging from sea water to downwelling radiative flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction towards which it is going must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of angle_of_emergence. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In relation to satellite ocean color products the quantity named surface_ratio_of_upwelling_radiance_emerging_from_sea_water_to_downwelling_radiative_flux_in_air is sometimes called "remote sensing reflectance" and has a bidirectional dependence. The direction of the downwelling flux can be specified using a coordinate with the standard name angle_of_incidence.
canonical units: sr-1

tendency of ocean mole content of iron due to deposition and runoff and sediment dissolution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of reduced nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "Reduced nitrogen compounds" means all chemical species containing nitrogen atoms with an oxidation state less than zero. Usually, particle bound and gaseous nitrogen compounds, primarily ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3), are included. The list of individual species that are included in this quantity can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upward heat flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The vertical heat flux in air is the sum of all heat fluxes i.e. radiative, latent and sensible. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon accumulated in wood
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

miscellaneous living matter mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Miscellaneous living matter" means all those parts of plants that are not leaf, stem, root or other separately named components. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 105mRh in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon abiotic analogue in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 131Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "131Sb" is the isotope "antimony-131" with a half-life of 1.60e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

platform heave rate up
type: Standard Name
definition: "Heave rate" is the rate of displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. "Up" indicates that positive values of heave rate represent the platform moving up as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_heave_rate_down should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_heave_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

mole fraction of nitrous oxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: 1

surface downward mass flux of methane due to soil biological consumption
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: s-1

mass concentration of monovinyl chlorophyll a in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of calcite expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

stratiform snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

mass fraction of nitrate dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Mass_fraction_of_nitrate" means that the mass is expressed as mass of NO3. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: 1

tendency of eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

surface radioactivity content of 107Rh
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "107Rh" is the isotope "rhodium-107" with a half-life of 1.51e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass concentration of hydroxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for the hydroxyl radical is OH. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea surface wind wave period
type: Standard Name
definition: A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wind waves are waves on the ocean surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: s

mass fraction of alkenes in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain chemical double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon combined in the general proportions C(n)H(2n); "alkenes" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this common structure that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names exist for some individual alkene species, e.g., ethene and propene.
canonical units: 1

geopotential
type: Standard Name
definition: Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy.
canonical units: m2 s-2

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as 14C due to plant respiration
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "C" means the element carbon and "14C" is the radioactive isotope "carbon-14", having six protons and eight neutrons and used in radiocarbon dating. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Plant respiration is the sum of respiration by parts of plants both above and below the soil. It is assumed that all the respired carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The term "plants" refers to the kingdom of plants in the modern classification which excludes fungi. Plants are autotrophs i.e. "producers" of biomass using carbon obtained from carbon dioxide.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of mole stomatal uptake of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". The stomatal ozone uptake is the net amount of ozone transferred into the plant during the time period over which the integral is calculated. This parameter is often called the "phytotoxic ozone dose (POD)". The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The IUPAC name for ozone is trioxygen.
canonical units: mol m-2

canopy temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: "Canopy temperature" is the bulk temperature of the canopy, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

radioactivity concentration of 110mAg in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "110mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-110" with a half-life of 2.70e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

direction of radial vector away from instrument
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "direction_of_X" means direction of a vector, a bearing. The direction is measured positive clockwise from due north. The direction_of_radial_vector_away_from_instrument is the direction in which the instrument itself is pointing. The "instrument" (examples are radar and lidar) is the device used to make an observation. The standard name direction_of_radial_vector_toward_instrument should be used for a data variable having the opposite sign convention.
canonical units: degree

radioactivity concentration of 254Cf in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "254Cf" is the isotope "californium-254" with a half-life of 6.03e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface eastward sea water velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward).
canonical units: m s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 137Cs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "137Cs" is the isotope "cesium-137" with a half-life of 1.10e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tidal sea surface height above mean low water springs
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean low water springs" describes a local vertical reference based on the time mean of the low water levels during spring tides (the tides each lunar month with the greatest difference between high and low water that happen during full and new moons phases) expected to occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions. The tidal component of sea surface height describes the predicted variability of the sea surface due to astronomic forcing (chiefly lunar and solar cycles) and shallow water resonance of tidal components; for example as generated based on harmonic analysis, or resulting from the application of harmonic tidal series as boundary conditions to a numerical tidal model.
canonical units: m

net downward longwave flux in air assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 210Tl in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tl" means the element "thallium" and "210Tl" is the isotope "thallium-210" with a half-life of 9.02e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

atmosphere absorption optical thickness due to sulfate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. "Absorption optical thickness" means that part of the atmosphere optical thickness that is caused by the absorption of incident radiation. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Cl…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 144Pr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 1.20e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

square of brunt vaisala frequency in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. Brunt-Vaisala frequency is also sometimes called "buoyancy frequency" and is a measure of the vertical stratification of the medium.
canonical units: s-2

surface radioactivity content of 95Nb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "95Nb" is the isotope "niobium-95" with a half-life of 3.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere level of free convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The level of free convection is the altitude where the temperature of the environment decreases faster than the moist adiabatic lapse rate of a saturated air parcel at the same level. It is calculated by lifting a parcel of air dry adiabatically to the LCL (lifted condensation level), then moist adiabatically until the parcel temperature is equal to the ambient temperature. A coordinate variable of original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel should be specified to indicate the starting height of the lifted parcel.
canonical units: m

atmosphere mass content of methanol
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for methanol is CH3OH.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 128mSb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128mSb" is the metastable state of the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 7.23e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

scene type of dvorak tropical cyclone cloud region
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of scene_type_of_dvorak_tropical_cyclone_cloud_region contains integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. It indicates the Advanced Dvorak Technique tropical cyclone cloud region scene type chosen from the following list: uniform_central_dense_overcast; embedded_center; irregular_central_dense_overcast; curved_band; shear. Alternatively, the data variable may contain strings chosen from the same standardised list to indicate the scene type. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 85Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "85Kr" is the isotope "krypton-85" with a half-life of 3.95e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

atmosphere mole content of ozone
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The construction "atmosphere_mole_content_of_X" means the vertically integrated number of moles of X above a unit area. The chemical formula for ozone is O3. atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone is usually measured in Dobson Units which are equivalent to 446.2 micromoles m-2. N.B. Data variables containing column content of ozone can be given the standard name of either equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content or atmosphere_mole_content_of_ozone.The latter name is recommended for consistency with mole content names for chemical species other than ozone.
canonical units: mol m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 226Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "226Th" is the isotope "thorium-226" with a half-life of 2.15e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

lightning potential index
type: Standard Name
definition: The lightning_potential_index measures the potential for charge generation and separation that leads to lightning flashes in convective thunderstorms. It is derived from the model simulated grid-scale updraft velocity and the mass mixing-ratios of liquid water, cloud ice, snow, and graupel.
canonical units: J kg-1

eastward derivative of northward sea ice velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Sea ice velocity is defined as a two-dimensional vector, with no vertical component. "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be northward, southward, eastward, westward, x or y. The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. The named quantity is a component of the strain rate tensor for sea ice. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 237U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "237U" is the isotope "uranium-237" with a half-life of 6.74e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mole fraction of hfc365mfc in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for hfc365mfc is C4H5F5. The IUPAC name for hfc365mfc is 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane.
canonical units: 1

cloud type
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard_name of cloud_type contains either strings which indicate the cloud type, or flags which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 83mKr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "83mKr" is the metastable state of the isotope "krypton-83" with a half-life of 7.71e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of noy expressed as nitrogen due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

change over time in sea water practical salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Practical Salinity, S_P, is a determination of the salinity of sea water, based on its electrical conductance. The measured conductance, corrected for temperature and pressure, is compared to the conductance of a standard potassium chloride solution, producing a value on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). This name should not be used to describe salinity observations made before 1978, or ones not based on conductance measurements. Conversion of Practical Salinity to other precisely defined salinity measures should use the appropriate formulas specified by TEOS-10. Other standard names for precisely defined salinity quantities are sea_water_absolute_salinity (S_A); sea_water_preformed_salinity (S_*), sea_water_reference_salinity (S_R); sea_water_cox_salinity (S_C), used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977; and sea_water_knudsen_salinity (S_K), used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966. Salinity quantities that do not match any of the precise definitions should be given the more general standard name of sea_water_salinity. Reference: www.teos-10.org; Lewis, 1980 doi:10.1109/JOE.1980.1145448.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 138Xe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "138Xe" is the isotope "xenon-138" with a half-life of 9.84e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

northward derivative of eastward wind
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name northward_derivative_of_eastward_wind is the derivative of the eastward component of the wind with respect to distance in the northward direction for a given atmospheric level. The phrase "component_derivative_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to distance in the component direction, which may be "northward", "southward", "eastward", "westward", "upward", "downward", "x" or "y". The last two indicate derivatives along the axes of the grid, in the case where they are not true longitude and latitude. A positive value indicates that X is increasing with distance along the positive direction of the axis. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity").
canonical units: s-1

thickness of ice on sea ice melt pond
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. Melt ponds occur on top of the existing sea ice. The water in melt ponds can refreeze at the surface, giving rise to a layer of ice on the melt pond, which is turn resting on the sea_ice below. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m

solid precipitation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Solid precipitation refers to the precipitation of water in the solid phase. Water in the atmosphere exists in one of three phases: solid, liquid or vapor. The solid phase can exist as snow, hail, graupel, cloud ice, or as a component of aerosol.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface infragravity wave significant height
type: Standard Name
definition: Significant wave height is a statistic computed from wave measurements and corresponds to the average height of the highest one third of the waves, where the height is defined as the vertical distance from a wave trough to the following wave crest. Infragravity waves are waves occurring in the frequency range 0.04 to 0.004 s^-1 (wave periods of 25 to 250 seconds).
canonical units: m

product of eastward wind and air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K m s-1

spell length of days with lwe thickness of precipitation amount below threshold
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases.The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. The abbreviation "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. A spell is the number of consecutive days on which the condition X_below|above_threshold is satisfied. A variable whose standard name has the form spell_length_of_days_with_X_below|above_threshold must have a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of X to supply the threshold(s). It must have a climatological time variable, and a cell_method entry for within days which describes the processing of quantity X before the threshold is applied. A spell_length_of_days is an intensive quantity in time, and the cell_methods entry for over days can be any of the methods listed in Appendix E appropriate for intensive quantities e.g. "maximum", "minimum" or "mean".
canonical units: day

subsurface litter mass content of nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. "Subsurface litter" means the part of the litter mixed within the soil below the surface. The sum of the quantities with standard names wood_debris_mass_content_of_nitrogen, surface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen and subsurface_litter_mass_content_of_nitrogen is the total nitrogen mass content of dead plant material.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of specific humidity due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: s-1

sound intensity level in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Sound intensity is the sound energy per unit time per unit area. Sound intensity level in air is expressed on a logarithmic scale with reference to a sound intensity of 1e-12 W m-2. LI = 10 log10(I/I0) where LI is sound intensity level, I is sound intensity and I0 is the reference sound intensity.
canonical units: dB

tendency of atmosphere mass content of radon due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 133Xe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Xe" means the element "xenon" and "133Xe" is the isotope "xenon-133" with a half-life of 5.28e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen in sea water at saturation
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration at saturation" means the mole concentration in a saturated solution. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water vapor
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. Atmosphere water vapor content is sometimes referred to as "precipitable water", although this term does not imply the water could all be precipitated.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 242m1Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "242m1Am" is the metastable state of the isotope "americium-242" with a half-life of 5.53e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of formaldehyde due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for formaldehyde is CH2O. The IUPAC name for formaldehyde is methanal. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 134mI in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "134mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 2.50e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of halon2402 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

canopy and surface water amount
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy and surface water" means the sum of water on the ground and on the canopy. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2

sea water temperature at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. The temperature at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

magnitude of surface downward stress
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "magnitude_of_X" means magnitude of a vector X. The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward).
canonical units: Pa

ground slope angle
type: Standard Name
definition: The slope angle is the angle (in degrees) measured between the ground (earth) surface plane and a flat, horizontal surface.
canonical units: degree

tendency of atmosphere moles of molecular hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X contained in the entire atmosphere, i.e, summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitrous oxide due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N2O.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 117mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "117mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-117" with a half-life of 1.40e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

net downward shortwave flux at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present.
canonical units: W m-2

surface radioactivity content of 81mSe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "81mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-81" with a half-life of 3.97e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of snow in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). "Snow" refers to the precipitating part of snow in the atmosphere – the cloud snow content is excluded.
canonical units: 1

water flux into sea water due to surface drainage
type: Standard Name
definition: The water flux into the ocean is the freshwater entering the sea water as a result of precipitation, evaporation, river inflow, sea ice effects and water flux correction (if applied). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Surface drainage" refers to all melt water forming at the sea ice surface and subsequently running into the sea.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of methyl hydroperoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methyl hydroperoxide is CH3OOH.
canonical units: kg m-3

atmosphere optical thickness due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. A coordinate variable of radiation_wavelength or radiation_frequency can be specified to indicate that the optical thickness applies at specific wavelengths or frequencies. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 125Sb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "125Sb" is the isotope "antimony-125" with a half-life of 9.97e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole concentration of particulate organic matter expressed as silicon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

downward y stress correction at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, positive with increasing y. A downward y stress is a downward flux of momentum towards the positive direction of the model's y-axis. A positive correction is downward i.e. added to the ocean. The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present.
canonical units: Pa

mole concentration of calcareous phytoplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Calcareous phytoplankton" are phytoplankton that produce calcite. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3

mass concentration of nitrogen monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of carbon tetrachloride
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4. The IUPAC name for carbon tetrachloride is tetrachloromethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethers due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group - an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups - of general formula R-O-R. In standard names "ethers" is the term used to describe the group of ether species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization schem…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 99Mo
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "99Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-99" with a half-life of 2.78e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

incoming water volume transport along river channel
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. "River" refers to water in the fluvial system (stream and floodplain).
canonical units: m3 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 239Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "239Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-239" with a half-life of 8.91e+06 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 165Dy in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Dy" means the element "dysprosium" and "165Dy" is the isotope "dysprosium-165" with a half-life of 9.80e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

radioactivity concentration of 155Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "155Eu" is the isotope "europium-155" with a half-life of 1.75e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mass concentration of bromine monoxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for bromine monoxide is BrO.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole fraction of hydroperoxyl radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hydroperoxyl radical is HO2.
canonical units: 1

mole fraction of hydrogen chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hydrogen chloride is HCl.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 113mCd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "113mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-113" with a half-life of 5.31e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 228Ac in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ac" means the element "actinium" and "228Ac" is the isotope "actinium-228" with a half-life of 2.55e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from forest fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "forest fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in forests. "Forest fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward water vapor flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of primary particulate organic matter dry aerosol particles due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol."Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Primary particulate organic matter " means all organic matter emitted directly to the atmosphere as particles except elemental carbon. The sum of primary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol and secondary_particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol is particulate_organic_matter_dry_aerosol. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

normalized difference vegetation index
type: Standard Name
definition: "Normalized_difference_vegetation_index", usually abbreviated to NDVI, is an index calculated from reflectances measured in the visible and near infrared channels. It is calculated as NDVI = (NIR - R) / (NIR + R) where NIR is the reflectance in the near-infrared band and R is the reflectance in the red visible band. Reflectance is the ratio of the reflected over the incoming radiation in each spectral band. The calculated value of NDVI depends on the precise definitions of the spectral bands and these definitions may vary between different models and remote sensing instruments.
canonical units: 1

change over time in mass content of water in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The mass content of water in soil refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 77mGe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77mGe" is the metastable state of the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

enrichment of 15N in particulate nitrogen in sea water expressed as lowercase delta 15N relative to atmospheric nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: Isotopic enrichment of 15N, often called delta 15N, is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes 15N:14N. It is a parameterisation of the 15N/14N isotopic ratio in the sample with respect to the isotopic ratio in a reference standard (in this case atmospheric nitrogen). It is computed using the formula (((15N/14N)sample / (15N/14N)standard) - 1) * 1000. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes.
canonical units: 1

upwelling shortwave flux in air assuming clear sky and no aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: W m-2

thickness of convective snowfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction thickness_of_[X_]snowfall_amount means the accumulated "depth" of snow which fell i.e. the thickness of the layer of snow at its own density. There are corresponding standard names for liquid water equivalent (lwe) thickness.
canonical units: m

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 dust dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

toa outgoing shortwave flux assuming reference mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The abbreviation "toa" means top of atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. The TOA outgoing shortwave flux is the reflected and scattered solar radiative flux i.e. the "upwelling" TOA shortwave flux, sometimes called the "outgoing shortwave radiation" or "OSR". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. A phrase "assuming_condition" indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitrogen dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 105mRh
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rh" means the element "rhodium" and "105mRh" is the metastable state of the isotope "rhodium-105" with a half-life of 4.41e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

ground level altitude
type: Standard Name
definition: The ground_level_altitude is the geometric height of the upper boundary of the solid Earth above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 115In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "115In" is the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.86e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of sea ice amount due to sea ice dynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Sea ice dynamics" refers to advection of sea ice.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of cobalt in sea floor sediment
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Cobalt means cobalt in all chemical forms, commonly referred to as "total cobalt". "Sea floor sediment" is sediment deposited at the sea bed.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of diatoms expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Diatoms are single-celled phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica. Phytoplankton are a algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: kg m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Fires excluding anthropogenic land use change" means all natural fires and human ignited fires that are not associated with change of land use. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "Anthropogenic" means influenced, caused, or created by human activity.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface salinity
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea surface salinity is the salt content of sea water close to the sea surface, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and the units attribute should normally be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. Sea surface salinity is often abbreviated as "SSS". For the salinity of sea water at a particular depth or layer, a data variable of "sea_water_salinity" or one of the more precisely defined salinities should be used with a vertical coordinate axis. There are standard names for the precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to…
canonical units: 1e-3

mole fraction of chlorine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: 1

sea ice x velocity
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, positive with increasing x. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: m s-1

sea surface wave stokes drift speed
type: Standard Name
definition: The Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation. Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
canonical units: m s-1

radioactivity concentration of 232U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "232U" is the isotope "uranium-232" with a half-life of 2.63e+04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of cfc115 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 141La in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "La" means the element "lanthanum" and "141La" is the isotope "lanthanum-141" with a half-life of 1.61e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of chlorophyll in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm2p5 sea salt dry aerosol particles due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of air temperature due to model physics
type: Standard Name
definition: Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from agricultural waste burning
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. The "agricultural waste burning" sector comprises field burning of agricultural residues. "Agricultural waste burning" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 4F as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

stratiform precipitation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sinking mole flux of particulate silicon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. 'Sinking' is the gravitational settling of particulate matter suspended in a liquid. A sinking flux is positive downwards and is calculated relative to the movement of the surrounding fluid.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud liquid water in air due to riming
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Riming is the rapid freezing of supercooled water onto a surface.
canonical units: s-1

mole concentration of atomic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic bromine is Br.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of mass fraction of stratiform cloud ice in air due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: s-1

mass fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methane is CH4. Methane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species.
canonical units: 1

mass concentration of cfc113 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass content of water in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The mass content of water in soil refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including "content_of_soil_layer" are used.
canonical units: kg m-2

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tropopause instantaneous longwave forcing
type: Standard Name
definition: The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. Instantaneous forcing is the radiative flux change caused instantaneously by an imposed change in radiative forcing agent (greenhouse gases, aerosol, solar radiation, etc.). A positive radiative forcing or radiative effect is equivalent to a downward radiative flux and contributes to a warming of the earth system.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of sea water salinity due to sea ice thermodynamics
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Sea water salinity is the salt content of sea water, often on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978. However, the unqualified term 'salinity' is generic and does not necessarily imply any particular method of calculation. The units of salinity are dimensionless and normally given as 1e-3 or 0.001 i.e. parts per thousand. There are standard names for the more precisely defined salinity quantities: sea_water_knudsen_salinity, S_K (used for salinity observations between 1901 and 1966), sea_water_cox_salinity, S_C (used for salinity observations between 1967 and 1977), sea_water_practical_salinity, S_P (used for salinity observations from 1978 to the present day), sea_water_absolute_salinity, S_A, sea_water_preformed_salinity, S_*, and sea_water_reference_salinity. Practical Salinity is reported on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78), and is usually based on the electrical conductivity of sea water in observations since the 1960s. Conversion of data between the observed scales follows: S_P = (S_K - 0.03) * (1.80655 / 1.805) and S_P = S_C, however the accuracy of the latter is dependent on whether chlorinity or conductivity was used to determine the S_C value, with this inconsistency driving the development of PSS-78. The more precise standard names should be used where appropriate for both modelled and observed salinities. In particular, the use of sea_water_salinity to describe salinity observations made from 1978 onwards is now deprecated in favor of the term sea_water_practical_salinity which is the salinity quantity stored by national data centers for post-1978 observations. The only exception to this is where the observed salinities are definitely known not to be recorded on the Practical Salinity Scale. The unit "parts per thousand" was used for sea_water_knudsen_salinity and sea_water_cox_salinity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the qua…
canonical units: 1e-3 s-1

syntax test quality flag
type: Standard Name
definition: A quality flag that reports the result of the Syntax test, which checks that the data contain no indicators of flawed transmission. The linkage between the data variable and this variable is achieved using the ancillary_variables attribute. There are standard names for other specific quality tests which take the form of X_quality_flag. Quality information that does not match any of the specific quantities should be given the more general standard name of quality_flag.
canonical units: 1

latitude
type: Standard Name
definition: Latitude is positive northward; its units of degree_north (or equivalent) indicate this explicitly. In a latitude-longitude system defined with respect to a rotated North Pole, the standard name of grid_latitude should be used instead of latitude. Grid latitude is positive in the grid-northward direction, but its units should be plain degree.
canonical units: degree_north

mole fraction of glyoxal in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for glyoxal is CHOCHO. The IUPAC name for glyoxal is ethanedial.
canonical units: 1

downward liquid water mass flux into groundwater
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. Groundwater is subsurface water below the depth of the water table. The quantity with standard name liquid_water_mass_flux_from_soil_to_groundwater is the downward flux of liquid water within soil at the depth of the water table, or downward flux from the base of the soil model if the water table depth is greater.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mass concentration of chlorophyll a in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: 'Mass concentration' means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. Chlorophylls are the green pigments found in most plants, algae and cyanobacteria; their presence is essential for photosynthesis to take place. There are several different forms of chlorophyll that occur naturally. All contain a chlorin ring (chemical formula C20H16N4) which gives the green pigment and a side chain whose structure varies. The naturally occurring forms of chlorophyll contain between 35 and 55 carbon atoms. Chlorophyll-a is the most commonly occurring form of natural chlorophyll. The chemical formula of chlorophyll-a is C55H72O5N4Mg.
canonical units: kg m-3

product of northward wind and lagrangian tendency of air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa m s-2

surface radioactivity content of 131Te
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "131Te" is the isotope "tellurium-131" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 228Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "228Th" is the isotope "thorium-228" with a half-life of 6.98e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

northward atmosphere dry static energy transport across unit distance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 113Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "113Ag" is the isotope "silver-113" with a half-life of 2.21e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of water due to advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. "Water" means water in all phases.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 115mAg
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "115mAg" is the metastable state of the isotope "silver-115" with a half-life of 1.97e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of halon2402
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for Halon2402 is C2Br2F4. The IUPAC name for Halon2402 is 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass fraction of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for alpha_hexachlorocyclohexane is C6H6Cl6.
canonical units: 1

surface downward northward stress due to boundary layer mixing
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Surface stress" means the shear stress (force per unit area) exerted by the wind at the surface. A downward stress is a downward flux of momentum. Over large bodies of water, wind stress can drive near-surface currents. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Downward northward" indicates the ZY component of a tensor. A downward northward stress is a downward flux of northward momentum, which accelerates the lower medium northward and the upper medium southward. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: Pa

atmosphere mass content of aceto nitrile
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: kg m-2

northward atmosphere water transport across unit distance
type: Standard Name
definition: "Water" means water in all phases. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Transport across_unit_distance means expressed per unit distance normal to the direction of transport.
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of propene due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for propene is C3H6. Propene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform pitch rate fore down
type: Standard Name
definition: "Pitch rate" is the rate of rotation about an axis that is perpendicular to both the local vertical axis and the nominal forward motion direction of the platform. Pitch rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. "Fore down" indicates that positive values of pitch rate represent the front of the platform falling as viewed by an observer on top of the platform facing forward. The standard name platform_pitch_rate_fore_up should be used for data having the opposite sign convention. The standard name platform_pitch_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

surface radioactivity content of 236U
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "U" means the element "uranium" and "236U" is the isotope "uranium-236" with a half-life of 8.73e+09 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of nmvoc expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "nmvoc" means non methane volatile organic compounds; "nmvoc" is the term used in standard names to describe the group of chemical species having this classification that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface snow mass
type: Standard Name
definition: Surface snow amount refers to the amount on the solid ground or on surface ice cover, but excludes, for example, falling snowflakes and snow on plants. The horizontal domain over which surface snow mass is calculated is described by the associated coordinate variables and coordinate bounds or by a coordinate variable or scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "region" supplied according to section 6.1.1 of the CF conventions.
canonical units: kg

mass concentration of chlorine nitrate in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for chlorine nitrate is ClONO2.
canonical units: kg m-3

sea ice albedo
type: Standard Name
definition: The albedo of sea ice. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. "Sea ice" means all ice floating in the sea which has formed from freezing sea water, rather than by other processes such as calving of land ice to form icebergs.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 245Am
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Am" means the element "americium" and "245Am" is the isotope "americium-245" with a half-life of 8.75e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

altimeter range correction due to wet troposphere
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. To apply the altimeter range correction it must be added to the quantity with standard name altimeter_range. "Correction_due_to_wet_troposphere" means a correction for the effect of liquid water in the troposphere. Additional altimeter range corrections are given by the quantities with standard names altimeter_range_correction_due_to_dry_troposphere, altimeter_range_correction_due_to_ionosphere, sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_at_low_frequency and sea_surface_height_correction_due_to_air_pressure_and_wind_at_high_frequency.
canonical units: m

surface radioactivity content of 83mSe
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Se" means the element "selenium" and "83mSe" is the metastable state of the isotope "selenium-83" with a half-life of 8.10e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface net downward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as 13C due to all land processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. "C" means the element carbon and "13C" is the stable isotope "carbon-13", having six protons and seven neutrons. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

minimum mass ratio of water to dry soil for soil plastic behavior
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "ratio_of_X_to_Y" means X/Y. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. It is the lower limit of the water content at which a 3 mm diameter cylindrical soil sample will break in 3 to 10 mm pieces. It is the lower limit of the plastic state, which has the liquid limit as the upper bound. Known as the plastic limit.
canonical units: 1

surface drag coefficient in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 97Zr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "97Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-97" with a half-life of 6.98e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 142Pr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 7.94e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 127mTe in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Te" means the element "tellurium" and "127mTe" is the metastable state of the isotope "tellurium-127" with a half-life of 1.09e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of gaseous elemental mercury due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

net rate of absorption of shortwave energy in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Net absorbed radiation is the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation.
canonical units: W m-2

soil suction at saturation
type: Standard Name
definition: Soil suction is the tensile stress on water in soil due to molecular forces acting at the water-soil particle boundary. The forces may cause water to be drawn into the spaces within the soil matrix or cause it to be held in the soil without draining. Soil suction occurs in soil above the water table.
canonical units: Pa

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean meridional overturning mass streamfunction
type: Standard Name
definition: In contrast to the quantity with standard name ocean_meridional_overturning_streamfunction, this quantity includes all physical processes, resolved or parameterized, that impact mass/volume transport. Thus it includes contributions from the parameterized eddy velocity.
canonical units: kg s-1

atmosphere moles of cfc113a
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of CFC113a is CCl3CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC113a is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: mol

tendency of mole concentration of iron in sea water due to biological production
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

number concentration of cloud liquid water particles in air at liquid water cloud top
type: Standard Name
definition: "Number concentration" means the number of particles or other specified objects per unit volume. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. cloud_top refers to the top of the highest cloud.
canonical units: m-3

mole concentration of nitrous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for nitrous acid is HNO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

mole concentration of diatoms expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'.The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Diatoms are single-celled phytoplankton with an external skeleton made of silica.Phytoplankton are autotrophic prokaryotic or eukaryotic algae that live near the water surface where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from waste treatment and disposal
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface downward mole flux of cfc11
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface upward mass flux of carbon dioxide expressed as carbon due to emission from crop harvesting
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The definition of "crop" is model dependent, for example, some models may include fruit trees, trees grown for timber or other types of agricultural and forestry planting as crops. Crop harvesting means the human activity of collecting plant materials for the purpose of turning them into forestry or agricultural products.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 133I in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "I" means the element "iodine" and "133I" is the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 8.71e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

change over time in sea water density
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water density is the in-situ density (not the potential density). If 1000 kg m-3 is subtracted, the standard name "sea_water_sigma_t" should be chosen instead. "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate.
canonical units: kg m-3

ocean tracer epineutral biharmonic diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: Diffusivity is also sometimes known as the coefficient of diffusion. Diffusion occurs as a result of a gradient in the spatial distribution of mass concentration, temperature or momentum. The diffusivity may be very different in the vertical and horizontal directions. "epineutral diffusivity" means a lateral diffusivity along a either a neutral or isopycnal density surface due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of an ocean model. The type of density surface is dependent on the model formulation. "biharmonic diffusivity" means diffusivity for use with a biharmonic diffusion operator.
canonical units: m4 s-1

net upward shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). Net upward radiation is the difference between radiation from below (upwelling) and radiation from above (downwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 15O in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "O" means the element "oxygen" and "15O" is the isotope "oxygen-15" with a half-life of 1.41e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hcfc22 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for HCFC22 is CHClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC22 is chloro(difluoro)methane. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water temperature difference
type: Standard Name
definition: Sea water temperature is the in situ temperature of the sea water. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 11C in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "C" means the element "carbon" and "11C" is the isotope "carbon-11" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic nitrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Inorganic nitrogen" describes a family of chemical species which, in an ocean model, usually includes nitrite, nitrate and ammonium which act as nitrogen nutrients. "Inorganic nitrogen" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variableshould be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

sea water turbidity
type: Standard Name
definition: Turbidity is a dimensionless quantity which is expressed in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Turbidity expressed in NTU is the proportion of white light scattered back to a transceiver by the particulate load in a body of water, represented on an arbitrary scale referenced against measurements made in the laboratory on aqueous suspensions of formazine beads. Sea water turbidity may also be measured by the quantity with standard name secchi_depth_of_sea_water.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from industrial processes and combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "industrial processes and combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to manufacturing industries and construction, industrial processes related to mineral products, the chemical industry, metal production, the production of pulp, paper, food and drink, and non-energy industry use of lubricants and waxes. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in industry-related inventory data. "Industrial processes and combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2G as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere moles of molecular hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: mol

radioactivity concentration of 73Ga in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ga" means the element "gallium" and "73Ga" is the isotope "gallium-73" with a half-life of 2.03e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

reference mole fraction of methane in air
type: Standard Name
definition: This methane field acts as a reference methane field in a diagnostic call to the radiation scheme. "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.
canonical units: mol mol-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 157Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "157Eu" is the isotope "europium-157" with a half-life of 6.32e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

toa outgoing radiance per unit wavelength
type: Standard Name
definition: "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA outgoing radiance is the upwelling radiance, i.e., toward outer space. Radiance is the radiative flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2 sr-1 m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alpha hexachlorocyclohexane due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of nitric acid trihydrate ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Nitric acid trihydrate, sometimes referred to as NAT, is a stable crystalline substance consisting of three molecules of water to one molecule of nitric acid. The chemical formula for nitric acid is HNO3.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 147Nd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nd" means the element "neodymium" and "147Nd" is the isotope "neodymium-147" with a half-life of 1.10e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of organic acids due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. In standard names "organic_acids" is the term used to describe the group of organic acid species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a refer…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 134mCs
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "134mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-134" with a half-life of 1.21e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of sulfur dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X).
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 133mI
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "133mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-133" with a half-life of 1.04e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere moles of hcc140a
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for HCC140a, also called methyl chloroform, is CH3CCl3. The IUPAC name for HCC140a is 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
canonical units: mol s-1

volume attenuation coefficient of downwelling radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Attenuation is the sum of absorption and scattering. Attenuation is sometimes called "extinction". Also called "diffuse" attenuation, the attenuation of downwelling radiative flux refers to the decrease with decreasing height or increasing depth of the downwelling component of radiative flux, regardless of incident direction.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to aqueous phase net chemical production
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Net chemical production" means the net result of all chemical reactions within the atmosphere that produce or destroy a particular species. "Aqueous phase net chemical production" means the net result of all aqueous chemical processes in fog and clouds that produce or destroy a species, as opposed to chemical processes in the gaseous phase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 251Cf
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cf" means the element "californium" and "251Cf" is the isotope "californium-251" with a half-life of 2.92e+05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is CO. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea surface wave mean period from variance spectral density first frequency moment
type: Standard Name
definition: The wave directional spectrum can be written as a five dimensional function S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. S has the standard name sea_surface_wave_directional_variance_spectral_density. S can be integrated over direction to give S1= integral(S dtheta) and this quantity has the standard name sea_surface_wave_variance_spectral_density. Frequency moments, M(n) of S1 can then be calculated as follows: M(n) = integral(S1 f^n df), where f^n is f to the power of n. The first wave period, T(m1) is calculated as the ratio M(0)/M(1).
canonical units: s

surface downwelling longwave flux in air due to volcanic ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. The term "longwave" means longwave radiation. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature". Volcanic aerosols include both volcanic ash and secondary products such as sulphate aerosols formed from gaseous emissions of volcanic eruptions.
canonical units: W m-2

mass concentration of oxygen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of inorganic bromine in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Inorganic bromine", sometimes referred to as Bry, describes a family of chemical species which result from the degradation of source gases containing bromine (halons, methyl bromide, VSLS) and natural inorganic bromine sources such as volcanoes, sea salt and other aerosols. "Inorganic bromine" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. Standard names that use the term "brox" are used for quantities that contain all inorganic bromine species except HBr and BrONO2.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of air temperature due to longwave heating assuming clear sky
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. A phrase assuming_condition indicates that the named quantity is the value which would obtain if all aspects of the system were unaltered except for the assumption of the circumstances specified by the condition. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "longwave" means longwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

surface downwelling radiative flux in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

radioactivity concentration of 101Mo in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "101Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-101" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

mole concentration of preformed dissolved inorganic 13C in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means the number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic carbon-13" is the sum of CO3_13C, HCO3_13C and H2CO3_13C. The subduction and subsequent transport of surface water carry into the interior ocean considerable quantities of dissolved inorganic carbon-13, which is entirely independent of biological activity (such as organic decomposition and oxidation) after the water leaves the sea surface. Such dissolved inorganic carbon-13 is termed “preformed” dissolved inorganic carbon-13 (Redfield,1942).
canonical units: mol m-3

air equivalent temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The equivalent temperature is the temperature that an air parcel would have if all water vapor were condensed at contstant pressure and the enthalpy released from the vapor used to heat the air. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Equivalent_temperature. It is the isobaric equivalent temperature and not the adiabatic equivalent temperature, also known as pseudoequivalent temperature, which has the standard name air_pseudo_equivalent_temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

mole fraction of carbonyl sulfide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for carbonyl sulfide is COS. The IUPAC name for carbonyl sulfide is carbon oxide sulfide.
canonical units: 1

net primary mole productivity of biomass expressed as carbon by picophytoplankton
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. Picophytoplankton are phytoplankton of less than 2 micrometers in size. Phytoplankton are algae that grow where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 157Eu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "157Eu" is the isotope "europium-157" with a half-life of 6.32e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of methyl peroxy radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for methyl_peroxy_radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol

mass fraction of aceto nitrile in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for aceto-nitrile is CH3CN. The IUPAC name for aceto-nitrile is ethanenitrile.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 77Ge in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ge" means the element "germanium" and "77Ge" is the isotope "germanium-77" with a half-life of 4.72e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of eastward wind due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m s-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 155Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "155Eu" is the isotope "europium-155" with a half-life of 1.75e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

ocean vertical tracer diffusivity
type: Standard Name
definition: "Vertical tracer diffusivity" means the vertical component of the diffusivity of tracers, i.e. heat and salinity, due to motion which is not resolved on the grid scale of the model.
canonical units: m2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 117Cd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117Cd" is the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.08e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 18F in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "F" means the element "fluorine" and "18F" is the isotope "fluorine-18" with a half-life of 6.98e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of insoluble dust dry aerosol particles due to deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Insoluble aerosol" means aerosol which is not soluble in water, such as mineral dusts. At low temperatures such particles can be efficient nuclei for ice clouds. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Deposition" is the sum of wet and dry deposition.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

land ice sigma coordinate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: 1

height at effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation
type: Standard Name
definition: The "effective cloud top defined by infrared radiation" is (approximately) the geometric height above the surface that is one optical depth at infrared wavelengths (in the region of 11 micrometers) below the cloud top that would be detected by visible and lidar techniques. Reference: Minnis, P. et al 2011 CERES Edition-2 Cloud Property Retrievals Using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS Data x2014; Part I: Algorithms IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(11), 4374-4400. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2144601.
canonical units: m

stratosphere mole content of nitrogen dioxide
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "stratosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the tropopause to the stratopause. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for nitrogen_dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: mol m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

moles of cfc11 per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC11 is CFCl3. The IUPAC name for CFC11 is trichloro(fluoro)methane.
canonical units: mol kg-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of cfc113 due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula of CFC113 is CCl2FCClF2. The IUPAC name for CFC113 is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

upward heat flux in sea water due to convection
type: Standard Name
definition: "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic silicon
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic silicon" means the sum of all inorganic silicon in solution (including silicic acid and its first dissociated anion SiO(OH)3-).
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: m-1

mass fraction of alpha pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for alpha_pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: 1

tendency of mole concentration of calcite expressed as carbon in sea water due to dissolution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Calcite is a mineral that is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. The chemical formula of calcite is CaCO3. Standard names also exist for aragonite, another polymorph of calcium carbonate.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

sea surface height amplitude due to earth tide
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Tides are a significant contributor to the observed sea surface height; earth tide means the solid earth tide.
canonical units: m

radioactivity concentration of 221Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "221Rn" is the isotope "radon-221" with a half-life of 1.74e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 135mCs in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Cs" means the element "cesium" and "135mCs" is the metastable state of the isotope "cesium-135" with a half-life of 3.68e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 118In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "118In" is the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 5.77e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

aerosol type in atmosphere layer in air
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard_name of aerosol_type_in_atmosphere_layer_in_air contains either strings which indicate the type of the aerosol determined following a certain aerosol typing schema, or flags which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s).
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of sulfuric acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is H2SO4.
canonical units: 1

surface downwelling photon radiance per unit wavelength in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. Photon radiance is the photon flux in a particular direction, per unit of solid angle. The direction from which it is coming must be specified, for instance with a coordinate of zenith_angle. If the radiation does not depend on direction, a standard name of isotropic radiance should be chosen instead. A photon flux is specified in terms of numbers of photons expressed in moles. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1 m-1 sr-1

change over time in amount of ice and snow on land
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "change_over_time_in_X" means change in a quantity X over a time-interval, which should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The phrase "ice_and_snow_on_land" means ice in glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and shelves, river and lake ice, any other ice on a land surface, such as frozen flood water, and snow lying on such ice or on the land surface.
canonical units: kg m-2

tendency of change in land ice amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Zero change in land ice amount is an arbitrary level. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 88Rb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Rb" means the element "rubidium" and "88Rb" is the isotope "rubidium-88" with a half-life of 1.25e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 118mIn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "118mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 3.05e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of sea water potential temperature expressed as heat content due to residual mean advection
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "expressed_as_heat_content" means that this quantity is calculated as the specific heat capacity times density of sea water multiplied by the potential temperature of the sea water in the grid cell and integrated over depth. If used for a layer heat content, coordinate bounds should be used to define the extent of the layers. If no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is sea water the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the ocean. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The phrase "residual_mean_advection" refers to the sum of the model's resolved advective transport plus any parameterized advective transport. Parameterized advective transport includes processes such as parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale transport, as well as any other advectively parameterized transport. When the parameterized advective transport is represented in the model as a skew-diffusion rather than an advection, then the parameterized skew diffusion should be included in this diagnostic, since the convergence of skew-fluxes are identical (in the continuous formulation) to the convergence of advective fluxes.
canonical units: W m-2

tendency of canopy water amount due to evaporation of intercepted precipitation
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases. "Canopy" means the vegetative covering over a surface. The canopy is often considered to be the outer surfaces of the vegetation. Plant height and the distribution, orientation and shape of plant leaves within a canopy influence the atmospheric environment and many plant processes within the canopy. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Canopy. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. (The conversion of solid alone into vapor is called "sublimation"). Canopy interception is the precipitation, including snow, that is intercepted by the canopy of a tree and then evaporates from the leaves. Evaporation of intercepted precipitation excludes plant transpiration and evaporation from the surface beneath the canopy.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 92Y in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "92Y" is the isotope "yttrium-92" with a half-life of 1.47e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

minus tendency of atmosphere mass content of noy expressed as nitrogen due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The phrase "minus_tendency" means that the quantity described takes the opposite sign convention to that for the quantity which has the same standard name apart from this phrase, i.e. the two quantities differ from one another by a factor of -1. Thus a "minus_tendency" in the atmosphere means a positive deposition rate onto the underlying surface. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Noy" describes a family of chemical species. The family usually includes atomic nitrogen (N), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxynitric acid (HNO4), bromine nitrate (BrONO2), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) and organic nitrates (most notably peroxyacetyl nitrate, sometimes referred to as PAN, (CH3COO2NO2)). The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water velocity to direction at sea floor
type: Standard Name
definition: A velocity is a vector quantity. The phrase "to_direction" is used in the construction X_to_direction and indicates the direction towards which the velocity vector of X is headed. The direction is a bearing in the usual geographical sense, measured positive clockwise from due north. The direction at the sea floor is that adjacent to the ocean bottom, which would be the deepest grid cell in an ocean model and within the benthic boundary layer for measurements.
canonical units: degree

mass concentration of volcanic ash in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. "Volcanic ash" means the fine-grained products of explosive volcanic eruptions, such as minerals or crystals, older fragmented rock (e.g. andesite) and glass. Particles within a volcanic ash cloud have diameters less than 2 mm. "Volcanic ash" does not include non-volcanic dust.
canonical units: kg m-3

volume backwards scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 dried aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. Backwards scattering refers to the sum of scattering into all backward angles i.e. scattering_angle exceeds pi/2 radians. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Dried_aerosol_particles" means that the aerosol sample has been dried from the ambient state before sizing, but that the dry state (relative humidity less than 40 per cent) has not necessarily been reached. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nitric acid due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 134mI
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "I" means the element "iodine" and "134mI" is the metastable state of the isotope "iodine-134" with a half-life of 2.50e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tropical cyclone maximum sustained wind speed
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name tropical_cyclone_maximum_sustained_wind_speed is the maximum sustained wind speed of a tropical cyclone, sustained over a period of one minute at the surface of the earth, derived using the Advanced Dvorak Technique based on satellite observations. Reference: Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S., The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery (2007). American Meteorological Society Weather and Forecasting, 22, 287-298.
canonical units: m s-1

mass concentration of dimethyl sulfide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for dimethyl sulfide is (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is sometimes referred to as DMS.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen monoxide due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

soil type
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of soil_type contains strings which indicate the character of the soil e.g. clay. These strings have not yet been standardised. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes.

sea surface swell wave directional spread
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_swell_wave_directional_spread is the directional width of the swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. Directional spread is the (one-sided) directional width within a given sub-domain of the wave directional spectrum, S(t,x,y,f,theta) where t is time, x and y are horizontal coordinates (such as longitude and latitude), f is frequency and theta is direction. For a given mean wave (beam) direction the quantity approximates half the root mean square width about the beam axis, as derived either directly from circular moments or via the Fourier components of the wave directional spectrum.
canonical units: degree

surface radioactivity content of 117mCd
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Cd" means the element "cadmium" and "117mCd" is the metastable state of the isotope "cadmium-117" with a half-life of 1.42e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

surface radioactivity content of 219At
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "At" means the element "astatine" and "219At" is the isotope "astatine-219" with a half-life of 6.27e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea surface tertiary swell wave period at variance spectral density maximum
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_surface_tertiary_swell_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum is the period of the most energetic waves within the tertiary swell wave component of a sea. Swell waves are waves on the ocean surface and are the low frequency portion of a bimodal wave frequency spectrum. The tertiary swell wave is the third most energetic swell wave. A period is an interval of time, or the time-period of an oscillation. Wave period is the interval of time between repeated features on the waveform such as crests, troughs or upward passes through the mean level. The phrase "wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum", sometimes called peak wave period, describes the period of the most energetic waves within a given sub-domain of the wave spectrum.
canonical units: s

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 218Rn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Rn" means the element "radon" and "218Rn" is the isotope "radon-218" with a half-life of 4.05e-07 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 72Ga in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ga" means the element "gallium" and "72Ga" is the isotope "gallium-72" with a half-life of 5.86e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of mole concentration of dissolved inorganic iron in sea water due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dissolved inorganic iron" means iron ions, in oxidation states of both Fe2+ and Fe3+, in solution.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

mole concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic phosphorus" means the sum of all inorganic phosphorus in solution (including phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid).
canonical units: mol m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "All land processes" means plant and soil respiration, photosynthesis, animal grazing, crop harvesting, natural fires and anthropogenic land use change. "Anthropogenic land use change" means human changes to land, excluding forest regrowth. It includes fires ignited by humans for the purpose of land use change and the processes of eventual disposal and decomposition of wood products such as paper, cardboard, furniture and timber for construction. The quantity with standard name surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes is equal to the difference between the quantities with standard names surface_net_downward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_all_land_processes_excluding_anthropogenic_land_use_change and surface_net_upward_mass_flux_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_anthropogenic_land_use_change. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface upward water flux
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Upward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed upward (negative downward). The surface water flux is the result of precipitation and evaporation. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

shear strength of soil
type: Standard Name
definition: Shear strength is the amount of force applied to a normal plane required to bring the soil to failure along a tangential plane. Shear strength depends on the angle of friction and cohesion of the soil.
canonical units: Pa

mole fraction of acetaldehyde in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for acetaldehyde is CH3CHO. The IUPAC name for acetaldehyde is ethanal.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 230Th in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Th" means the element "thorium" and "230Th" is the isotope "thorium-230" with a half-life of 2.92e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

cell thickness
type: Standard Name
definition: "Thickness" means the vertical extent of a layer. "Cell" refers to a model grid-cell.
canonical units: m

mole concentration of particulate organic matter expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 72Ga
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ga" means the element "gallium" and "72Ga" is the isotope "gallium-72" with a half-life of 5.86e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of methanesulfonic acid due to dry deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Dry deposition" is the sum of turbulent deposition and gravitational settling. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

specific kinetic energy of sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "specific" means per unit mass.
canonical units: m2 s-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pentane due to emission from land transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for pentane is C5H12. Pentane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "land transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to road transportation, railways and other transportation. "Land transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A3b, 1A3c and 1A3e as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

stagnation temperature in air
type: Standard Name
definition: In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to internal energy and is added to the local static enthalpy. In both compressible and incompressible fluid flow, the stagnation temperature is equal to the total temperature at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point. In aviation, stagnation temperature is known as total air temperature and is measured by a temperature probe mounted on the surface of the aircraft. The probe is designed to bring the air to rest relative to the aircraft. As the air is brought to rest, kinetic energy is converted to internal energy. The air is compressed and experiences an adiabatic increase in temperature. Therefore, total air temperature is higher than the static (or ambient) air temperature. Total air temperature is an essential input to an air data computer in order to enable computation of static air temperature and hence true airspeed. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have a units_metadata attribute, with one of the values "on-scale" or "difference", whichever is appropriate for the data, because it is essential to know whether the temperature is on-scale (meaning relative to the origin of the scale indicated by the units) or refers to temperature differences (implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrevelant), in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethyne due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of methyl peroxy radical in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for methyl peroxy radical is CH3O2. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: 1

surface albedo
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Albedo is the ratio of outgoing to incoming shortwave irradiance, where 'shortwave irradiance' means that both the incoming and outgoing radiation are integrated across the solar spectrum. To specify the nature of the surface a cell_methods attribute should be supplied as described in Chapter 7.3.3 of the CF Conventions.
canonical units: 1

atmosphere mass content of sea salt dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-2

northward atmosphere heat transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). "Atmosphere heat transport" means total heat transport by the atmosphere by all processes.
canonical units: W

tendency of sea surface height above mean sea level
type: Standard Name
definition: "Sea surface height" is a time-varying quantity. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Height_above_X" means the vertical distance above the named surface X. "Mean sea level" means the time mean of sea surface elevation at a given location over an arbitrary period sufficient to eliminate the tidal signals. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the geoid is sea_surface_height_above_geoid. The standard name for the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid is sea_surface_height_above_reference_ellipsoid.
canonical units: m year-1

richardson number in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Richardson number is a measure of dynamic stability and can be used to diagnose the existence of turbulent flow. It is defined as the ratio of the buoyant suppression of turbulence (i.e. how statically stable or unstable the conditions are) to the kinetic energy available to generate turbulence in a shear flow.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 231U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "231U" is the isotope "uranium-231" with a half-life of 4.29e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of air temperature due to shortwave heating
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

surface radioactivity content of 94mNb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "94mNb" is the metastable state of the isotope "niobium-94" with a half-life of 4.34e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

radioactivity concentration of 128Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "128Sb" is the isotope "antimony-128" with a half-life of 3.75e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of ethyne
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: mol s-1

surface radioactivity content of 228Ra
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Ra" means the element "radium" and "228Ra" is the isotope "radium-228" with a half-life of 2.45e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfate dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of mass content of water vapor in atmosphere layer due to shallow convection
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mole concentration of methane due to chemical destruction by hydroxyl radical
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Chemical destruction" means the result of all chemical reactions within the medium (here, atmosphere) that destroy a certain amount of a particular species from the medium. The chemical formula for methane is CH4. The chemical formula for hydroxyl is OH.
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

tendency of air pressure
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa s-1

mole fraction of alpha pinene in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for alpha-pinene is C10H16. The IUPAC name for alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
canonical units: 1

northward ocean freshwater transport due to diffusion
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Northward transport by diffusion means the part due to horizontal or isopyncal diffusion schemes in an ocean model, but not including the parameterized eddy velocity. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase.
canonical units: kg s-1

radioactivity concentration of 233U in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "U" means the element "uranium" and "233U" is the isotope "uranium-233" with a half-life of 5.90e+07 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

radioactivity concentration of 111Ag in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ag" means the element "silver" and "111Ag" is the isotope "silver-111" with a half-life of 7.50e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 213Po
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Po" means the element "polonium" and "213Po" is the isotope "polonium-213" with a half-life of 4.86e-11 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hydrogen cyanide due to emission
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for hydrogen cyanide is HCN.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

platform heave rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Heave rate" is the rate of displacement along the local vertical axis. Heave rate might not include changes to the "at rest" position of the platform with respect to the axis of displacement, which may change over time. The standard name platform_heave_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the heave rate is known, a standard name of platform_heave_rate_down or platform_heave_rate_up should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: m s-1

tendency of eastward wind due to nonorographic gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). The total tendency of the eastward wind due to gravity waves has the standard name tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag. It is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic gravity waves and nonorographic waves. The tendency of eastward wind due to orographic gravity waves has the standard name tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag.
canonical units: m s-2

mass fraction of graupel in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. There are also separate standard names for hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of nitrate radical
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for nitrate is NO3. In chemistry, a "radical" is a highly reactive, and therefore short lived, species.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of sulfur dioxide due to emission from savanna and grassland fires
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. The "savanna and grassland fires" sector comprises the burning (natural and human-induced) of living or dead vegetation in non-forested areas. It excludes field burning of agricultural residues. "Savanna and grassland fires" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 5 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of hypochlorous acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole fraction is used in the construction mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. The chemical formula of hypochlorous acid is HOCl.
canonical units: 1

platform yaw rate
type: Standard Name
definition: "Yaw rate" is the rate of rotation about the local vertical axis. Yaw rate might not include changes to the "at rest" rotation of the platform with respect to the axis of rotation, which may change over time. The standard name platform_yaw_rate should be chosen only if the sign convention of the data is unknown. For cases where the sign convention of the yaw rate is known, a standard name of platform_yaw_rate_fore_starboard or platform_yaw_rate_fore_port should be chosen, as appropriate. A "platform" is a structure or vehicle that serves as a base for mounting sensors. Platforms include, but are not limited to, satellites, aeroplanes, ships, buoys, instruments, ground stations, and masts.
canonical units: degree s-1

mass fraction of atomic nitrogen in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for atomic nitrogen is N.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of nox expressed as nitrogen monoxide due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Nox" means a combination of two radical species containing nitrogen and oxygen: NO+NO2. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole concentration of microzooplankton expressed as nitrogen in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated in terms of B alone, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: mol m-3

surface radioactivity content of 142Pr
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142Pr" is the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 7.94e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethene due to emission from energy production and distribution
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethene is C2H4. Ethene is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkenes. There are standard names for the alkene group as well as for some of the individual species. The "energy production and distribution" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to energy industries and fugitive emissions from fuels. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in energy-related inventory data. "Energy production and distribution" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A1 and 1B as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of halon1301
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer are used". The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The chemical formula for Halon1301 is CBrF3. The IUPAC name for Halon1301 is bromo(trifluoro)methane.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface radioactivity content of 162Tb
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162Tb" is the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 5.18e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

leaf area index
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 159Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "159Eu" is the isotope "europium-159" with a half-life of 1.26e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of methyl chloride in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for methyl chloride is CH3Cl. The IUPAC name for methyl chloride is chloromethane.
canonical units: kg m-3

mass concentration of organic carbon in pm1 dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm1 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 1 micrometer. Chemically, "organic carbon aerosol" refers to the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter contained in any of the vast number of compounds where carbon is chemically combined with hydrogen and other elements like O, S, N, P, Cl, etc. In measurements of carbonaceous aerosols, organic carbon samples may also include some inorganic carbon compounds, whose mass is neglected and assumed to be distributed between the elemental and organic carbon components of the aerosol particles. Reference: Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of pm10 sea salt dry aerosol particles due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "Pm10 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of hydrogen peroxide due to wet deposition
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Wet deposition" means deposition by precipitation. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

ocean obukhov length
type: Standard Name
definition: The depth in the ocean, L, that buoyant production or destruction of turbulent energy balances the turbulent kinetic energy: L = -u*3 / (kB0), where u* is the oceanic surface frictional velocity, k is the von Karman constant, and B0 is the oceanic surface buoyancy flux. If the buoyancy flux is destabilizing, L is negative.
canonical units: m

atmosphere mass content of molecular hydrogen
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The chemical formula for molecular hydrogen is H2.
canonical units: kg m-2

surface upwelling shortwave flux in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The term "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. Upwelling radiation is radiation from below. It does not mean "net upward". The sign convention is that "upwelling" is positive upwards and "downwelling" is positive downwards. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: W m-2

mass fraction of ethyne in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for ethyne is HC2H. Ethyne is the IUPAC name for this species, which is also commonly known as acetylene.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 95Zr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Zr" means the element "zirconium" and "95Zr" is the isotope "zirconium-95" with a half-life of 6.52e+01 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

stratiform cloud area fraction in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Standard names also exist for high, medium and low cloud types. Standard names referring only to "cloud_area_fraction" should be used for quantities for the whole atmosphere column. In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover".
canonical units: 1

northward ocean freshwater transport
type: Standard Name
definition: "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Ocean transport means transport by all processes, both sea water and sea ice.
canonical units: kg s-1

mass concentration of condensed water in soil
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. Condensed water means liquid and ice.
canonical units: kg m-3

mole concentration of miscellaneous zooplankton expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. "Miscellaneous zooplankton" are all those zooplankton that are not mesozooplankton, microzooplankton or other separately named components of the zooplankton population.
canonical units: mol m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of hydrogen bromide
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.
canonical units: mol s-1

mass flux of carbon into litter from vegetation
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Vegetation" means any living plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil. It is distinct from coarse wood debris. The precise distinction between "fine" and "coarse" is model dependent. The sum of the quantities with standard names mass_flux_of_carbon_into_litter_from_vegetation_due_to_mortality and mass_flux_of_carbon_into_litter_from_vegetation_due_to_senescence is mass_flux_of_carbon_into_litter_from_vegetation.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

mole fraction of hcfc132b in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for HCFC132b is CH2ClCClF2. The IUPAC name for HCFC132b is 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

mass content of cloud condensed water in atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "condensed_water" means liquid and ice. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well.
canonical units: kg m-2

radioactivity concentration of 154Eu in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Eu" means the element "europium" and "154Eu" is the isotope "europium-154" with a half-life of 3.13e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 90mY
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "90mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-90" with a half-life of 1.33e-01 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

atmosphere moles of radon
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: mol

mole concentration of carbonate abiotic analogue expressed as carbon in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In ocean biogeochemistry models, an "abiotic analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable when biological effects on ocean carbon concentration and alkalinity are ignored. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula of the carbonate anion is CO3 with an electrical charge of minus two.
canonical units: mol m-3

original air pressure of lifted parcel
type: Standard Name
definition: Various stability and convective potential indices are calculated by "lifting" a parcel of air: moving it dry adiabatically from a starting height (often the surface) to the Lifting Condensation Level, and then wet adiabatically from there to an ending height (often the top of the data/model/atmosphere). The quantities with standard names original_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel and final_air_pressure_of_lifted_parcel are the ambient air pressure at the start and end of lifting, respectively. Air pressure is the force per unit area which would be exerted when the moving gas molecules of which the air is composed strike a theoretical surface of any orientation.
canonical units: Pa

volume absorption coefficient of radiative flux in air due to pm10 aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with specific_ instead of volume_. A scattering_angle should not be specified with this quantity. The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths, unless a coordinate of radiation_wavelength is included to specify the wavelength. Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. To specify the relative humidity at which the sample was measured, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity". The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Pm10 aerosol particles" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers.
canonical units: m-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 142mPr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "142mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-142" with a half-life of 1.01e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

volume scattering coefficient of radiative flux in air due to ambient aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. Scattering of radiation is its deflection from its incident path without loss of energy. The volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is the fractional change of radiative flux per unit path length due to the stated process. Coefficients with canonical units of m2 s-1 i.e. multiplied by density have standard names with "specific_" instead of "volume_". The scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient is assumed to be an integral over all wavelengths unless a coordinate of "radiation_wavelength" or "radiation_frequency" is included to specify the wavelength. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exist in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. To specify the relative humidity at which the quantity described by the standard name applies, provide a scalar coordinate variable with the standard name of "relative_humidity".
canonical units: m-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity".
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". In an atmosphere model, stratiform cloud is that produced by large-scale convergence (not the convection schemes). "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. Condensation is the conversion of vapor into liquid. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid or solid into vapor. "Boundary layer mixing" means turbulent motions that transport heat, water, momentum and chemical constituents within the atmospheric boundary layer and affect exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterised by a well-mixed sub-cloud layer of order 500 metres, and by a more extended conditionally unstable layer with boundary-layer clouds up to 2 km. (Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group 1: The Scientific Basis, 7.2.2.3, https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/273.htm).
canonical units: s-1

surface radioactivity content of 102Mo
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Mo" means the element "molybdenum" and "102Mo" is the isotope "molybdenum-102" with a half-life of 7.71e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

geopotential height
type: Standard Name
definition: Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface.
canonical units: m

mass fraction of halon1211 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for Halon1211 is CBrClF2. The IUPAC name for Halon1211 is bromo-chloro-difluoromethane.
canonical units: 1

product of eastward wind and geopotential height
type: Standard Name
definition: "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy. Geopotential height is the geopotential divided by the standard acceleration due to gravity. It is numerically similar to the altitude (or geometric height) and not to the quantity with standard name height, which is relative to the surface. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)
canonical units: m2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 13N in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "N" means the element "nitrogen" and "13N" is the isotope "nitrogen-13" with a half-life of 6.92e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of ethane due to emission from maritime transport
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6. Ethane is a member of the group of hydrocarbons known as alkanes. There are standard names for the alkane group as well as for some of the individual species. The "maritime transport" sector includes fuel combustion activities related to maritime transport. "Maritime transport" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source category 1A3d as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas Inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

tendency of dry static energy content of atmosphere layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Dry static energy is the sum of enthalpy and potential energy (itself the sum of gravitational and centripetal potential energy). Enthalpy can be written either as (1) CpT, where Cp is heat capacity at constant pressure, T is absolute temperature, or (2) U+pV, where U is internal energy, p is pressure and V is volume.
canonical units: W m-2

effective radius of convective cloud liquid water particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The effective radius of a size distribution of particles, such as aerosols, cloud droplets or ice crystals, is the area weighted mean radius of particle size. It is calculated as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution. Convective cloud is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Cloud liquid water" refers to the liquid phase of cloud water. A diameter of 0.2 mm has been suggested as an upper limit to the size of drops that shall be regarded as cloud drops; larger drops fall rapidly enough so that only very strong updrafts can sustain them. Any such division is somewhat arbitrary, and active cumulus clouds sometimes contain cloud drops much larger than this. Reference: AMS Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cloud_drop.
canonical units: m

sea water pressure at sea water surface
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "sea water surface" means the upper boundary of the liquid portion of an ocean or sea, including the boundary to floating ice if present. "Sea water pressure" is the pressure that exists in the medium of sea water. It includes the pressure due to overlying sea water, sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present.
canonical units: dbar

clear sky area fraction
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. The clear_sky area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. "Clear sky" means in the absence of clouds.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere moles of sulfate dry aerosol particles
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The chemical formula for the sulfate anion is SO4(2-).
canonical units: mol s-1

surface downward mass flux of carbon dioxide natural analogue expressed as carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. In ocean biogeochemistry models, a "natural analogue" is used to simulate the effect on a modelled variable of imposing preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, even when the model as a whole may be subjected to varying forcings. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

radioactivity concentration of 144mPr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pr" means the element "praseodymium" and "144mPr" is the metastable state of the isotope "praseodymium-144" with a half-life of 4.98e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 41Ar in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Ar" means the element "argon" and "41Ar" is the isotope "argon-41" with a half-life of 7.64e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

tendency of atmosphere moles of carbon monoxide
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The construction "atmosphere_moles_of_X" means the total number of moles of X in the entire atmosphere, i.e. summed over the atmospheric column and over the entire globe. The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO.
canonical units: mol s-1

tendency of eastward wind due to gravity wave drag
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Eastward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed eastward (negative westward). Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The quantity named tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_gravity_wave_drag is the sum of the tendencies due to orographic and nonorographic gravity waves which have standard names of tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag and tendency_of_eastward_wind_due_to_nonorographic_gravity_wave_drag, respectively.
canonical units: m s-2

tendency of atmosphere mass content of carbon monoxide due to emission from residential and commercial combustion
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is CO. The "residential and commercial combustion" sector comprises fuel combustion activities related to the commercial/institutional sector, the residential sector and the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in the inventory data. "Residential and commercial combustion" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 1A4a, 1A4b and 1A4c as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface carbon dioxide partial pressure difference between sea water and air
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas in sea water is the partial pressure in air with which it would be in equilibrium. The partial pressure of a gaseous constituent of air is the pressure that it would exert if all other gaseous constituents were removed, assuming the volume, the temperature, and its number of moles remain unchanged. The partial pressure difference between sea water and air is positive when the partial pressure of the dissolved gas in sea water is greater than the partial pressure in air.
canonical units: Pa

compressive strength of unconfined frozen soil
type: Standard Name
definition: The maximum force applied as axial strain to an unconfined frozen soil sample before failure.
canonical units: Pa

change in land ice amount
type: Standard Name
definition: "Amount" means mass per unit area. Zero change in land ice amount is an arbitrary level. "Land ice" means glaciers, ice-caps and ice-sheets resting on bedrock and also includes ice-shelves.
canonical units: kg m-2

snow area fraction viewable from above
type: Standard Name
definition: "Area fraction" is the fraction of a grid cell's horizontal area that has some characteristic of interest. It is evaluated as the area of interest divided by the grid cell area, or if the cell_methods restricts the evaluation to some portion of that grid cell (e.g. "where sea_ice"), then it is the area of interest divided by the area of the identified portion. It may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or any other dimensionless representation of a fraction. Snow "viewable from above" refers to the snow on objects or the ground as viewed from above, which excludes, for example, falling snow flakes and snow obscured by a canopy, vegetative cover, or other features resting on the surface.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 241Pu
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pu" means the element "plutonium" and "241Pu" is the isotope "plutonium-241" with a half-life of 4.83e+03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

moles of guanosine triphosphate per unit mass in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The construction "moles_of_X_per_unit_mass_in_Y" is also called "molality" of X in Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of guanosine triphosphate is C10H16N5O14P3.
canonical units: mol kg-1

mass fraction of formic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: 1

mass fraction of nitrogen dioxide in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mass fraction" is used in the construction "mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is NO2.
canonical units: 1

tendency of atmosphere mass content of alcohols due to emission from agricultural production
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. Alcohols include all organic compounds with an alcoholic (OH) group. In standard names "alcohols" is the term used to describe the group of chemical species that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute. The "agricultural production" sector comprises the agricultural processes of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils and other. It may also include any not-classified or "other" combustion, which is commonly included in agriculture-related inventory data. "Agricultural production" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source cate…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

atmosphere mass content of graupel
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. Graupel consists of heavily rimed snow particles, often called snow pellets; often indistinguishable from very small soft hail except when the size convention that hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm is adopted. Reference: American Meteorological Society Glossary http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Graupel. There are also separate standard names for hail. Standard names for "graupel_and_hail" should be used to describe data produced by models that do not distinguish between hail and graupel.
canonical units: kg m-2

change in mean sea level wrt solid surface
type: Standard Name
definition: The change in local mean sea level relative to the local solid surface, i.e. sea floor. The abbreviation "wrt" means "with respect to". A positive value means sea level rise.
canonical units: m

tendency of air temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: K s-1

radioactivity concentration of 115In in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "In" means the element "indium" and "115In" is the isotope "indium-115" with a half-life of 1.86e+18 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

stratiform rainfall amount
type: Standard Name
definition: Stratiform precipitation, whether liquid or frozen, is precipitation that formed in stratiform cloud. "Amount" means mass per unit area.
canonical units: kg m-2

convective precipitation flux
type: Standard Name
definition: Convective precipitation is that produced by the convection schemes in an atmosphere model. "Precipitation" in the earth's atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 98Nb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Nb" means the element "niobium" and "98Nb" is the isotope "niobium-98" with a half-life of 3.53e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

mass concentration of dust dry aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass concentration means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol particles take up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake.
canonical units: kg m-3

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic carbon
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "ocean content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the bottom of the ocean. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" describes a family of chemical species in solution, including carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and the carbonate and bicarbonate anions. "Dissolved inorganic carbon" is the term used in standard names for all species belonging to the family that are represented within a given model. The list of individual species that are included in a quantity having a group chemical standard name can vary between models. Where possible, the data variable should be accompanied by a complete description of the species represented, for example, by using a comment attribute.
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mass fraction of pm2p5 ambient aerosol particles in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. "Ambient_aerosol" means that the aerosol is measured or modelled at the ambient state of pressure, temperature and relative humidity that exists in its immediate environment. "Ambient aerosol particles" are aerosol particles that have taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the particles. "Pm2p5 aerosol" means atmospheric particulate compounds with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers. To specify the relative humidity and temperature at which the particle size applies, provide scalar coordinate variables with the standard names of "relative_humidity" and "air_temperature".
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 11C in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "C" means the element "carbon" and "11C" is the isotope "carbon-11" with a half-life of 1.41e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

surface radioactivity content of 91mY
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Y" means the element "yttrium" and "91mY" is the metastable state of the isotope "yttrium-91" with a half-life of 3.46e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mole fraction of formic acid in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula for formic acid is HCOOH. The IUPAC name for formic acid is methanoic acid.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt height of product of northward wind and mass concentration of water vapor in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Northward vertically-integrated moisture flux per unit length in longitude. "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Height is the vertical distance above the surface. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity"). The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. The abbreviation "wrt" means "with respect to". The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. "Mass concentration" means mass per unit volume and is used in the construction "mass_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: kg m-1 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 116mIn
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "116mIn" is the metastable state of the isotope "indium-116" with a half-life of 3.77e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

sea water pressure due to sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The pressure that exists in the medium of sea water due to overlying sea water. Excludes the pressure due to sea ice, air and any other medium that may be present. For sea water pressure including the pressure due to overlying media other than sea water, the standard name sea_water_pressure should be used.
canonical units: dbar

lwe thickness of soil moisture content
type: Standard Name
definition: "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "soil content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface down to the bottom of the soil model. For the content between specified levels in the soil, standard names including content_of_soil_layer are used.
canonical units: m

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 162Tb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Tb" means the element "terbium" and "162Tb" is the isotope "terbium-162" with a half-life of 5.18e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

carbon mass flux into soil from litter
type: Standard Name
definition: In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics. "Litter" is dead plant material in or above the soil.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

liquid water content of permafrost layer
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. Permafrost is soil or rock that has remained at a temperature at or below zero degrees Celsius throughout the seasonal cycle for two or more years.
canonical units: kg m-2

solar irradiance per unit wavelength
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name solar_irradiance_per_unit_wavelength, often called Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI), is the radiation from the sun as a function of wavelength integrated over the entire solar disk. A coordinate variable for radiation wavelength should be given the standard name radiation_wavelength. The quantity applies outside the atmosphere, by default at a distance of one astronomical unit from the sun, but a coordinate or scalar coordinate variable of distance_from_sun can be used to specify a value other than the default. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy.
canonical units: W m-2 m-1

grounded ice sheet area
type: Standard Name
definition: "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. The extent of an individual grid cell is defined by the horizontal coordinates and any associated coordinate bounds or by a string valued auxiliary coordinate variable with a standard name of "region". "Grounded ice sheet" indicates where the ice sheet rests over bedrock and is thus grounded. It excludes ice-caps, glaciers and floating ice shelves.
canonical units: m2

radioactivity concentration of 89Kr in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Kr" means the element "krypton" and "89Kr" is the isotope "krypton-89" with a half-life of 2.20e-03 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

sensor band identifier
type: Standard Name
definition: A variable with the standard name of sensor_band_identifier contains strings which give the alphanumeric identifier of a sensor band. These strings have not yet been standardised.

mole fraction of carbon dioxide in dry air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The phrase "in_dry_air" means that the quantity is calculated as the total number of particles of X divided by the number of dry air particles, i.e. the effect of water vapor is excluded. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.
canonical units: 1

integral wrt time of radioactivity concentration of 119mSn in air
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. The data variable should have an axis for X specifying the limits of the integral as bounds. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sn" means the element "tin" and "119mSn" is the metastable state of the isotope "tin-119" with a half-life of 2.45e+02 days.
canonical units: Bq s m-3

…
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the particles. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. the surface of the earth). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. "Aerosol" means the system of suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets) and their carrier gas, the air itself. Aerosol takes up ambient water (a process known as hygroscopic growth) depending on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. "Dry aerosol particles" means aerosol particles without any water uptake. The "waste treatment and disposal" sector comprises solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling, waste incineration and other waste disposal. "Waste treatment and disposal" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories". Chemically, "elemental carbon" is the carbonaceous fraction of particulate matter that is thermally stable in an inert atmosphere to high temperatures ne…
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

sea water added potential temperature
type: Standard Name
definition: The quantity with standard name sea_water_added_potential_temperature is a passive tracer in an ocean model whose surface flux does not come from the atmosphere but is imposed externally upon the simulated climate system. The surface flux is expressed as a heat flux and converted to a passive tracer increment as if it were a heat flux being added to potential temperature. The passive tracer is transported within the ocean as if it were potential temperature. The passive tracer is zero in the control climate of the model. The passive tracer records added heat, as described for the CMIP6 FAFMIP experiment (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016), following earlier ideas. Potential temperature is the temperature a parcel of air or sea water would have if moved adiabatically to sea level pressure. It is strongly recommended that a variable with this standard name should have the attribute units_metadata="temperature: difference", meaning that it refers to temperature differences and implying that the origin of the temperature scale is irrelevant, because it is essential to know whether a temperature is on-scale or a difference in order to convert the units correctly (cf. https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html#temperature-units).
canonical units: degree_C

radioactivity concentration of 131Sb in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Sb" means the element "antimony" and "131Sb" is the isotope "antimony-131" with a half-life of 1.60e-02 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

square of brunt vaisala frequency in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "square_of_X" means X*X. Frequency is the number of oscillations of a wave per unit time. Brunt-Vaisala frequency is also sometimes called "buoyancy frequency" and is a measure of the vertical stratification of the medium.
canonical units: s-2

mole fraction of cfc115 in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole fraction" is used in the construction "mole_fraction_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". The chemical formula of CFC115 is CClF2CF3. The IUPAC name for CFC115 is 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.
canonical units: 1

surface radioactivity content of 148Pm
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Pm" means the element "promethium" and "148Pm" is the isotope "promethium-148" with a half-life of 5.38e+00 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

mass fraction of ammonia in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mass fraction is used in the construction mass_fraction_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. It means the ratio of the mass of X to the mass of Y (including X). A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.
canonical units: 1

radioactivity concentration of 107mPd in air
type: Standard Name
definition: "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "Radioactivity concentration" means radioactivity per unit volume of the medium. "Pd" means the element "palladium" and "107mPd" is the metastable state of the isotope "palladium-107" with a half-life of 2.47e-04 days.
canonical units: Bq m-3

tendency of atmosphere mass content of xylene due to emission from solvent production and use
type: Standard Name
definition: "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including "content_of_atmosphere_layer" are used. The mass is the total mass of the molecules. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Emission" means emission from a primary source located anywhere within the atmosphere, including at the lower boundary (i.e. earth's surface). "Emission" is a process entirely distinct from "re-emission" which is used in some standard names. The chemical formula for xylene is C6H4C2H6. In chemistry, xylene is a generic term for a group of three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The IUPAC names for the isomers are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. There are standard names that refer to aromatic_compounds as a group, as well as those for individual species. The "solvent production and use" sector comprises industrial processes related to the consumption of halocarbons, SF6, solvent and other product use. "Solvent production and use" is the term used in standard names to describe a collection of emission sources. A variable which has this value for the standard_name attribute should be accompanied by a comment attribute which lists the source categories and provides a reference to the categorization scheme, for example, "IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) source categories 2F and 3 as defined in the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories".
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1

surface radioactivity content of 118In
type: Standard Name
definition: The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Radioactivity" means the number of radioactive decays of a material per second. "In" means the element "indium" and "118In" is the isotope "indium-118" with a half-life of 5.77e-05 days.
canonical units: Bq m-2

tendency of ocean mole content of dissolved inorganic phosphorus due to biological processes
type: Standard Name
definition: "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. "Dissolved inorganic phosphorus" means the sum of all inorganic phosphorus in solution (including phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid).
canonical units: mol m-2 s-1

mole concentration of radon in air
type: Standard Name
definition: Mole concentration means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y, where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as 'nitrogen' or a phrase such as 'nox_expressed_as_nitrogen'. The chemical symbol for radon is Rn.
canonical units: mol m-3

integral wrt height of product of northward wind and specific humidity
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "integral_wrt_X_of_Y" means int Y dX. To specify the limits of the integral the data variable should have an axis for X and associated coordinate bounds. If no axis for X is associated with the data variable, or no coordinate bounds are specified, it is assumed that the integral is calculated over the entire vertical extent of the medium, e.g, if the medium is air the integral is assumed to be calculated over the full depth of the atmosphere. The phrase "wrt" means "with respect to". Height is the vertical distance above the surface. The phrase "product_of_X_and_Y" means X*Y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name "upward_air_velocity".) "Northward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed northward (negative southward). Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.
canonical units: m2 s-1

mole concentration of preformed dissolved inorganic phosphorus in sea water
type: Standard Name
definition: "Mole concentration" means the number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical or biological species denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen". "Dissolved inorganic phosphorus" means the sum of all inorganic phosphorus in solution (including phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid). The subduction and subsequent transport of surface water carry into the interior ocean considerable quantities of nutrients, which are entirely independent of biological activity (such as organic decomposition and oxidation) after the water leaves the sea surface. Such nutrients are termed “preformed” nutrients (Redfield,1942).
canonical units: mol m-3

atmosphere optical thickness due to black carbon ambient aerosol
type: Standard Name
definition: The specification of a physical process by the phrase due_to_process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. The optical thickness is the integral along the path of radiation of a volume scattering/absorption/attenuation coefficient. The radiative flux is reduced by a factor exp(-optical_thickness) on traversing the path. The atmosphere optical thickness applies to radiation passing through the entire atmosphere. "Aerosol" means the suspended liquid or solid particles in air (except cloud droplets). "Ambient aerosol" is aerosol that has taken up ambient water through hygroscopic growth. The extent of hygroscopic growth depends on the relative humidity and the composition of the aerosol. Black carbon aerosol is composed of elemental carbon. It is strongly light absorbing.
canonical units: 1

…
type: Standard Name
definition: The phrase "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. Particulate means suspended solids of all sizes. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (the rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. In the oceans, carbon production per unit volume is often found at a number of depths at a given horizontal location. That quantity can then be integrated to calculate production per unit area at the location. Standard names for production per unit area use the term "productivity". "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction "A_expressed_as_B", where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. The specification of a physical process by the phrase "due_to_" process means that the quantity named is a single term in a sum of terms which together compose the general quantity named by omitting the phrase. "Mole concentration" means number of moles per unit volume, also called "molarity", and is used in the construction "mole_concentration_of_X_in_Y", where X is a material constituent of Y. A chemical species or biological group denoted by X may be described by a single term such as "nitrogen" or a phrase such as "nox_expressed_as_nitrogen".
canonical units: mol m-3 s-1

net primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon accumulated in roots
type: Standard Name
definition: "Production of carbon" means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ("producers"), for example, photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton, over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. "Productivity" means production per unit area. The phrase "expressed_as" is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B, where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A, neglecting all other chemical constituents of A.
canonical units: kg m-2 s-1